Table 3. Percentages of participants meeting vitamin/vitamer deficiency/insufficiency thresholds according to time point and control/intervention group.
| Preconception baseline | Preconception 1 month post supplementation | Early pregnancy (7–11 weeks gestation) | Late pregnancy (28 weeks gestation) | 6 months postdelivery | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 816–854) |
Intervention (n = 826–867) |
Controls (n = 704–707) |
Intervention (n = 746–747) |
Controls (n = 304–305) |
Intervention (n = 327–329) |
Controls (n = 279–288) |
Intervention (n = 288–293) |
Controls (n = 239–251) |
Intervention (n = 252–261) |
|
| Folate <13.6 nmol/L |
28.1% [25.0, 31.3] |
30.4% [27.3, 33.7] |
4.1% [2.8, 5.9] |
3.6% [2.4, 5.2] |
1.0% [0.2, 2.8] |
0.6% [0.1, 2.2] |
6.1% [3.6, 9.6] |
3.5% [1.7, 6.3] |
31.8% [25.9, 38.1] |
32.9% [27.2, 39.1] |
| Homocysteine ≥15 μmol/L |
0.9% [0.4, 1.8] |
0.8% [0.3, 1.7] |
0.7% [0.2, 1.6] |
0.1% [0.0, 0.7] |
0.0% [0.0, 1.2] |
0.0% [0.0, 1.1] |
0.0% [0.0, 1.3] |
0.0% [0.0, 1.3] |
0.4% [0.0, 2.2] |
2.3% [0.8, 4.9] |
| Riboflavin <5 nmol/L |
7.3% [5.6, 9.2] |
7.7% [6.0, 9.7] |
6.2% [4.6, 8.3] |
0.4%* [0.1, 1.2] |
12.5% [9.0, 16.7] |
0.9%* [0.2, 2.6] |
12.8% [9.2, 17.3] |
2.7%* [1.2, 5.3] |
4.0% [1.9, 7.2] |
3.4% [1.6, 6.4] |
| Riboflavin ≤26.5 nmol/L |
81.1% [78.4, 83.7] |
82.8% [80.1, 85.3] |
80.3% [77.2, 83.2] |
56.1%* [52.4, 59.7] |
85.6% [81.1, 89.3] |
66.9%* [61.5, 71.9] |
92.4% [88.7, 95.2] |
81.9%* [77.0, 86.1] |
82.5% [77.2, 87.0] |
82.8% [77.6, 87.1] |
| Pyridoxal 5-phosphate <20 nmol/L |
0.8% [0.3, 1.7] |
1.8% [1.1, 3.0] |
0.1% [0.0, 0.8] |
0.4% [0.1, 1.2] |
2.6% [1.1, 5.1] |
0.0%* [0.0, 1.1] |
54.2% [48.2, 60.0] |
10.2%* [7.0, 14.3] |
1.2% [0.2, 3.5] |
0.8% [0.1, 2.7] |
| Cobalamin <148 pmol/L |
0.6% [0.2, 1.4] |
0.5% [0.1, 1.2] |
0.6% [0.2, 1.4] |
0.0% [0.0, 0.5] |
1.6% [0.5, 3.8] |
0.3% [0.0, 1.7] |
11.1% [7.7, 15.3] |
4.8%* [2.6, 7.9] |
0.8% [0.1, 2.9] |
0.4% [0.0, 2.1] |
| Cobalamin <221 pmol/L |
7.5% [5.8, 9.5] |
10.8%* [8.8, 13.0] |
7.0% [5.2, 9.1] |
2.4%* [1.4, 3.8] |
18.1% [13.9, 22.9] |
3.7%* [1.9, 6.3] |
55.2% [49.3, 61.0] |
16.7%* [12.6, 21.5] |
12.4% [8.6, 17.1] |
5.4%* [3.0, 8.8] |
| MMA >0.26 μmol/L |
6.2% [4.7, 8.0] |
8.7% [6.9, 10.7] |
8.5% [6.5, 10.8] |
8.6% [6.7, 10.8] |
7.5% [4.8, 11.1] |
3.6%* [1.9, 6.3] |
11.8% [8.3, 16.1] |
5.8%* [3.4, 9.1] |
10.0% [6.5, 14.4] |
5.4% [3.0, 8.8] |
| Vitamin D3 <50 nmol/L |
47.7% [44.3, 51.1] |
49.7% [46.3, 53.1] |
47.5% [43.8, 51.3] |
22.0%* [19.0, 25.1] |
43.0% [37.3, 48.7] |
12.2%* [8.8, 16.2] |
35.1% [29.6, 40.9] |
8.5%* [5.6, 12.3] |
30.7% [25.0, 36.8] |
27.2% [21.9, 33.0] |
| Vitamin D3 <75 nmol/L |
85.7% [83.2, 88.0] |
85.0% [82.5, 87.3] |
85.1% [82.3, 87.7] |
78.2%* [75.0, 81.1] |
82.3% [77.5, 86.4] |
65.7%* [60.2, 70.8] |
64.6% [58.8, 70.1] |
27.3%* [22.3, 32.8] |
70.5% [64.5, 76.1] |
70.5% [64.6, 76.0] |
Values in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals.
*Chi-squared p < 0.05 for intervention vs. control difference at that time point.
MMA, methylmalonic acid.