Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics and frequency of opioid and substance use in those who attempted suicide, subjects with suicidal ideation, psychiatric patients without SI or SA, and healthy controls
| Demographics | Subjects who attempt suicide (SA) n=67 |
Subjects with suicidal ideation (SI) n=74 |
Psychiatric patients without SA or SI n=42 |
Healthy Controls n=40 |
Test | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, % females (n) | 56.7% (38) | 46.0% (34) | 36.6% (15) | 55.0% (22) | x2 = 5.0 | 3 | 0.17 |
| Race, % White (n) | 64.1% (n=41) | 80.3% (57) | 69.1% (29) | 87.5% (35) | x2 = 9.2 | 3 | 0.03 |
| Age, mean ± SD | 23.3 ± 3.7 | 24.3 ± 4.1 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 3.6 | F = 1.9 | 3, 219 | 0.14 |
| SES** | −0.3 ± 0.7 a | −0.2 ± 0.8 a | −0.1 ± 0.7 a | 0.5 ± 0.7 b | F = 8.9 | 3,185 | <0.001 |
| Clinical correlates of suicidal behavior | |||||||
| Depression symptoms, mean ± SD | 21.1 ± 8.6a | 22.5 ± 8.6a | 12.3 ± 8.5b | 0.9 ± 1.6c | F = 82.7 | 3, 210 | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety symptoms, mean ± SD | 12.4 ± 5.2a | 13.1 ± 5.2a | 8.6 ± 5.2b | 0.7 ± 1.3c | F = 67.7 | 3, 210 | < 0.001 |
| Hopelessness, mean ± SD | 10.6 ± 2.5a | 10.3 ± 2.1a | 10.1 ± 2.6a | 8.4 ± 1.9b | F = 8.62 | 3, 210 | < 0.001 |
| Suicidal ideation, mean ± SD | 83.6 ± 38.2a | 88.4 ± 33.3a | 20.6 ± 23.0b | 1.2 ± 3.1 b | F = 106.7 | 3, 210 | < 0.001 |
| PTSD symptoms, mean ± SD | 45.9 ± 17.9a | 39.7 ± 19.1a, b | 29.1 ± 19.8b | 1.4 ± 1.9c | F = 57.9 | 3, 210 | < 0.001 |
| Impulsivity, mean ± SD | 69.0 ± 8.0 | 68.1 ± 7.9 | 65.5 ± 8.3 | 64.2 ± 4.8 | F = 3.9 | 3, 174 | 0.01 |
| Aggression, mean ± SD | 0.56 ± 0.1a, b | 0.57 ± 0.1 a | 0.47 ± 0.1 b | 0.33 ± 0.1 c | F = 34.1 | 3, 204 | < 0.001 |
| Psychiatric Diagnoses | |||||||
| Anxiety disorders, % (n) | 40.4% (23) | 33.3% (20) | 22.6% (7) | - | x2 = 2.8 | 2 | 0.24 |
| Mood disorders, % (n) | 70.2% (40) a, b | 81.7% (49) a | 54.8% (17) b | - | x2 = 7.3 | 2 | 0.03 |
| Psychotic disorders, % (n) | 7.0% (4) | 6.7% (4) | 12.9% (4) | - | FET* | 2 | 0.55 |
| PTSD, % (n) | 24.6% (14) | 20.0% (12) | 22.6% (7) | - | x2 = 0.4 | 2 | 0.84 |
| Substance use disorder, % (n) | 35.1% (20) | 41.7% (25) | 51.6% (16) | - | x2 = 2.3 | 2 | 0.32 |
| Lifetime history of suicide attempt | 64.1% (41)a | 45.7% (32)b | 19.5% (8)c | - | x2 = 20.0 | 2 | < 0.001 |
| Substance use in past year | |||||||
| Alcohol, mean ± SD | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | F=1.6 | 3, 202 | 0.20 |
| Stimulants, mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | F=2.0 | 3, 202 | 0.12 |
| Cocaine, mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 1.1 a | 1.5 ± 1.0 a | 1.4 ± 0.8 a, b | 1.0 ± 0.2 b | F=4.1 | 3, 202 | 0.01 |
| OTC medications, mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 1.5 a | 2.3 ± 1.3 a, b | 2.3 ± 1.5 a, b | 1.7 ± 0.9 b | F = 2.7 | 3, 202 | 0.05 |
| Opioids, mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | F=2.5 | 3, 202 | 0.06 |
| Prescription pain killers, mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | F = 2.3 | 3, 202 | 0.08 |
| Marijuana, mean ± SD | 3.4 ± 1.7 a | 3.0 ± 1.8 a | 3.0 ± 1.7 a | 1.3 ± 0.8 b | F=15.3 | 3, 202 | < 0.001 |
| Cigarettes, mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 1.9 a | 3.1 ± 1.9 a | 2.8 ± 1.8 a | 1.3 ± 0.7 b | F=11.3 | 3, 202 | < 0.001 |
| Substance use in past month | |||||||
| Alcohol, mean ± SD | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | F=0.8 | 3, 202 | 0.48 |
| Cocaine, mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | F = 2.3 | 3, 202 | 0.08 |
| OTC medications, mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | F=2.4 | 3, 202 | 0.07 |
| Opioids, mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | F = 1.9 | 3, 202 | 0.12 |
| Prescription pain killers, mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | F=2.6 | 3, 202 | 0.05 |
| Marijuana, mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 1.7 a | 2.6 ± 1.8 a | 2.9 ± 2.8 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 b | F=10.4 | 3, 202 | < 0.001 |
| Cigarettes, mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 1.8 a | 2.8 ± 1.9 a | 2.7 ± 1.8 a | 1.2 ± 0.8 b | F=8.3 | 3, 202 | < 0.001 |
*
Fisher’s Exact Test. Letter superscripts reflect post-hoc comparisons;
**
Z-scores