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. 2023 Dec 4;7(4):046116. doi: 10.1063/5.0171109

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

Endothelial cell secreted factors induce increased energy metabolism in tumor cells. (a) Schematic demonstrating fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of NADH to analyze metabolic phenotype. (b) Schematic of NADH FLIM strategy in devices to differentiate between invaded and non-invaded cells. (c) Representative NADH FLIM images in microfluidic devices along with (d) NADH fluorescence lifetime values and (e) NADH intensity values in MDA-MB-231 (n = 3 biological replicates, data points represent individual cells). Error bars represent minimum and maximum for (d), and standard deviation for (e) (scale bar = 50 μm). (f) Seahorse metabolic flux analysis of extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and (g) oxygen consumption rate (OCR) to represent glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, respectively (n = 12 wells, error bars represent standard deviation). (h) Seahorse ECAR and (i) OCR traces for the glycolysis stress test, a—glucose addition, b—oligomycin addition, c—2-DG addition (n = 12 wells, error bars represent standard deviation). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.