Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Oct 19;7(12):2037–2044. doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02220-8

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — Scenario A: excluding mountain building, including lake system dynamics; scenario B: including mountain building, excluding lake system dynamics; and scenario C: including both mountain building and lake system dynamics. In scenario A, the transcontinental west-to-east flowing Amazon River is present in all time steps, except for during the culmination of the Pebas wetlands system (15–11 Ma), when western Amazonia drained into the Pebas lake, and subsequently, into the Caribbean Sea. Scenarios B and C are identical for early time steps (80–43 Ma), before the presence of marine incursions and lakes, and very similar for 42–24 Ma, in which western Amazonia drained towards the north(west), and eastern Amazonia towards the east. Scenarios B and C start deviating substantially from 23 Ma onwards. In scenario B, the transcontinental west-to-east flowing Amazon River is established at 21 Ma. In scenario C, western Amazonia continues to drain towards the north(west) for 23–11 Ma, and only at 10 Ma, after the disappearance of the Pebas system, is the transcontinental Amazon River established. Cumulative habitat change represents the number of grid cells changing from suitable (river or lake) to unsuitable (land or marine) or vice versa. The lower panels show habitat change plotted through time (change from one time step to the next) and maps in the right panel (0 Ma) show cumulative habitat change over time per sub-basin. Absolute values are meaningless and are omitted.