Table 2.

FE models predicting the fertility rate using abortion policy index 1, 1970–2019

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8
Multiple imputation	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Abortion policy index 1	0.046*	− 0.002	− 0.007	0.046*	0.026	− 0.020	− 0.027	0.027
	(0.021)	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.021)	(0.025)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.024)
Control variables
Mean abortion policy index 1 in neighbouring countries	0.057	− 0.026	− 0.044	0.039	0.061	− 0.015	− 0.036	0.057
	(0.053)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.046)	(0.051)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.046)
GDP per capita logged	0.448**	0.131	0.084	0.452***	0.354***	0.059	0.053	0.384***
	(0.144)	(0.097)	(0.099)	(0.121)	(0.102)	(0.066)	(0.057)	(0.089)
Ratio female/male labour force participation	0.003	− 0.003	− 0.002	0.003	0.000	− 0.002	− 0.001	0.000
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)
Infant mortality logged	− 0.087	− 0.135	− 0.127	− 0.074	0.047	0.019	0.026	0.057
	(0.135)	(0.104)	(0.102)	(0.126)	(0.126)	(0.092)	(0.091)	(0.121)
Per cent urban population	− 0.016*	− 0.006	− 0.007	− 0.016**	− 0.015**	0.006	0.004	− 0.013**
	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.004)
Median age of the population	0.014	0.045*	0.030	0.004	− 0.012	0.028	0.012	− 0.017
	(0.017)	(0.022)	(0.023)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.013)
Physicians per capita logged	− 0.218***	0.024	0.010	− 0.215***	− 0.200*	0.036	0.013	− 0.180*
	(0.060)	(0.040)	(0.040)	(0.056)	(0.077)	(0.039)	(0.038)	(0.074)
Average years of women’s education	− 0.527***	− 0.592***	− 0.620***	− 0.448***	− 0.485***	− 0.347***	− 0.349***	− 0.404***
	(0.077)	(0.096)	(0.103)	(0.054)	(0.067)	(0.057)	(0.060)	(0.050)
Contraceptive use	− 0.034***	− 0.039***	− 0.036***	− 0.034***	− 0.032***	− 0.038***	− 0.035***	− 0.032***
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Women civil liberty index	− 0.211	− 0.427**	− 0.260	− 0.225	− 0.164	− 0.505***	− 0.338*	− 0.145
	(0.255)	(0.154)	(0.170)	(0.238)	(0.268)	(0.133)	(0.144)	(0.253)
Country FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Year FE	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Country-specific linear time trend	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
Constant	5.952***	− 22.486	169.698***	5.694***	6.372***	13.592	20.599*	5.687***
	(1.490)	(19.311)	(25.637)	(1.248)	(1.099)	(12.829)	(10.216)	(0.956)
N	5329	5329	5329	5329	8175	8175	8175	8175
Countries	147	147	147	147	185	185	185	185

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Robust standard errors are clustered at the country level