Table 3.

FE models predicting the fertility rate using abortion on request, 1970–2019

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Without imputation		With multiple imputation
Abortion on request	0.151	− 0.095	− 0.204**	− 0.215***
	(0.095)	(0.062)	(0.063)	(0.061)
Control variables
Per cent neighbouring countries with abortion on request	0.878***	0.066	0.096	0.103
	(0.257)	(0.190)	(0.145)	(0.148)
GDP per capita logged	0.433**	0.075	0.054	0.043
	(0.135)	(0.097)	(0.065)	(0.056)
Ratio female/male labour force participation	0.003	− 0.002	− 0.002	− 0.001
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Infant mortality logged	− 0.118	− 0.123	0.020	0.031
	(0.127)	(0.102)	(0.092)	(0.089)
Per cent urban population	− 0.014*	− 0.006	0.005	0.004
	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Median age of the population	0.002	0.031	0.028	0.009
	(0.016)	(0.023)	(0.016)	(0.017)
Physicians per capita logged	− 0.205***	0.012	0.037	0.016
	(0.058)	(0.039)	(0.038)	(0.037)
Average years of women’s education	− 0.514***	− 0.606***	− 0.345***	− 0.344***
	(0.075)	(0.107)	(0.056)	(0.059)
Contraceptive use	− 0.036***	− 0.037***	− 0.039***	− 0.037***
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Women civil liberty index	− 0.196	− 0.240	− 0.474***	− 0.310*
	(0.257)	(0.167)	(0.134)	(0.144)
Country FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Country-specific linear time trend	No	Yes	No	Yes
Constant	6.350***	− 25.797	13.268	6.353
	(1.389)	(20.747)	(12.667)	(13.161)
N	5329	5329	8175	8175
Countries	147	147	185	185

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Robust standard errors are clustered at the country level