Table 4.

FE models predicting the fertility rate using abortion policy index 2, 1970–2006

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Without imputation		With multiple imputation
Abortion policy index 2	0.033	− 0.025*	0.004	− 0.036**
	(0.018)	(0.011)	(0.022)	(0.011)
Control variables
Mean abortion policy index 2 in neighbouring countries	0.010	0.007	0.046	− 0.006
	(0.038)	(0.023)	(0.038)	(0.018)
GDP per capita logged	0.530***	0.074	0.348***	0.032
	(0.121)	(0.107)	(0.100)	(0.065)
Ratio female/male labour force participation	0.001	− 0.005**	− 0.000	− 0.003*
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Infant mortality logged	− 0.159	− 0.118	0.072	0.031
	(0.148)	(0.110)	(0.138)	(0.093)
Per cent urban population	− 0.012	− 0.010	− 0.012	0.009
	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.006)	(0.008)
Median age of the population	− 0.003	− 0.024	− 0.015	− 0.022
	(0.024)	(0.035)	(0.018)	(0.022)
Physicians per capita logged	− 0.205**	0.028	− 0.157	0.043
	(0.069)	(0.037)	(0.083)	(0.043)
Average years of women’s education	− 0.661***	− 0.544***	− 0.552***	− 0.272***
	(0.096)	(0.127)	(0.072)	(0.059)
Contraceptive use	− 0.036***	− 0.041***	− 0.033***	− 0.034***
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.004)
Women civil liberty index	− 0.005	− 0.344*	− 0.150	− 0.395**
	(0.210)	(0.154)	(0.256)	(0.119)
Country FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Country-specific linear time trend	No	Yes	No	Yes
Constant	6.387***	− 35.689	6.499***	15.581
	(1.389)	(22.892)	(1.156)	(13.664)
N	3754	3754	6719	6719
Countries	140	140	185	185

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Robust standard errors are clustered at the country level