Table 2.
Comparison of alternative management options for tertiary treatment of landfill leachates
| Method | On-site area required | Staff workload | Need for additional treatment step before and/or after the proposed technology | Expected effluent quality | Production of by-products | Energy consumption (kWh/m3) | GHG emissions (kg CO2eq/d) | Operational cost of the technology (€/m3) | Annual operational cost (€/year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transport to centralized WWTP | No | No | No | Suitable for irrigation or discharge to the environment (COD < 125 mg/L, BOD < 25 mg/L, TSS < 35 mg/L) | Sewage sludge production | 0.61 | 30.2 | 4 | 18,200 |
| Reverse osmosis | Small (<100 m2) | Medium (daily) | Filtration with a sand filter | Suitable for irrigation or discharge to the environment (COD < 10 mg/L, BOD < 5 mg/L, TSS < 5 mg/L) | Production of particularly burdened condensate (17-25% supply) | 0.462–0.563 | 6.91–8.41 | 0.98–4.114 | 8940–37,500 |
| Granular activated carbon | Small (<100 m2) | Medium (daily) | Filtration with a sand filter or flocculation | Suitable for irrigation or discharge to the environment (COD < 70 mg/L, BOD < 10 mg/L, TSS < 5 mg/L) | Obligation of periodic regeneration of saturated activated carbon | 0.373 | 5.56 | 1.325 | 12,045 |
| Ozonation | Small (<100 m2) | Medium (daily) | Sand filter filtration and biological treatment as final stage | Suitable for irrigation or discharge to the environment (COD < 125 mg/L, BOD < 10 mg/L, TSS < 5 mg/L) | - | 39.196 | 58 8.6 | 6.07 | 54,750 |
| Photo-Fenton | Small (<100 m2) | Medium (daily) | Flocculation and biological treatment as final stage | Suitable for irrigation or discharge to the environment8 (COD < 125 mg/L, BOD < 10 mg/L, TSS < 5 mg/L) | Sludge production8 | 7.586 | 113.9 | 2.5–5.18 | 22,800–46,500 |
| Constructed wetlands | Medium (2.000–3.000 m2) | Low (once a week) | Disposal in evaporation pond as final stage | Not suitable for irrigation or discharge to the environment (COD < 250 mg/L, BOD < 25 mg/L, TSS < 35 mg/L) | - | - | 12.55 (FWS)9, 8.78 (HSSF)9 | 0.1 | 915 |