Table 3.

Subgroup analyses of the effect of randomized cocoa extract supplementation on incident T2D

	Number of events of total
	Cocoa extract	Placebo	HR (95% CI)	P	P for interaction
Sex
Male	136 of 3,746	131 of 3,713	1.05 (0.82–1.33)	0.71	0.99
Female	269 of 5,448	265 of 5,474	1.04 (0.88–1.23)	0.68
Race
White	357 of 8,240	342 of 8,241	1.06 (0.92–1.23)	0.42	0.46
Non-White	48 of 954	54 of 946	0.90 (0.61–1.33)	0.59
BMI, kg/m2
<30	229 of 7,097	234 of 7,098	0.99 (0.82–1.19)	0.89	0.40
≥30	176 of 2,097	162 of 2,089	1.11 (0.90–1.37)	0.34
Smoking status
Never	226 of 5,093	217 of 5,154	1.08 (0.90–1.30)	0.42	0.17
Previous	164 of 3,765	151 of 3,669	1.06 (0.85–1.32)	0.63
Current	15 of 336	28 of 364	0.55 (0.29–1.05)	0.07
Physical activity
Less than median (19.1 MET-h/week)	240 of 4,636	238 of 4,646	1.03 (0.86–1.24)	0.73	1.00
Greater than or equal to median (19.1 MET-h/week)	165 of 4,558	158 of 4,541	1.03 (0.83–1.29)	0.77
Dietary quality
Less than median AHEI score (42.5)	218 of 4,903	227 of 4,889	0.98 (0.82–1.18)	0.85	0.37
Greater than or equal to median AHEI score (42.5)	187 of 4,291	169 of 4,298	1.13 (0.91–1.39)	0.26
Multivitamin intervention
Yes	202 of 4,601	196 of 4,604	1.06 (0.87–1.29)	0.56	0.86
No	203 of 4,593	200 of 4,583	1.03 (0.85–1.25)	0.79
Urinary gVLM at baselinea
Less than median (3.5 μmol/L)	53 of 1,441	50 of 1,372	1.03 (0.70–1.52)	0.89	0.65
Greater than or equal to median (3.5 μmol/L)	52 of 1,395	60 of 1,419	0.90 (0.62–1.31)	0.58

HRs and their 95% CIs were calculated by using Cox proportional hazards regression models, with adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, randomized multivitamin assignment, education, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, AHEI, family history of diabetes, and BMI.

^aUrine gVLM levels at baseline were measured in 2,836 participants in the cocoa extract group and 2,791 in the placebo group.