Table 2.
Observed levels of glucose, insulin, Stumvoll, and Matsuda for each visit and measurement time point (if applicable)
| All participants | No GDM | Early GDM | Classic GDM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P (PP) | Mean (SD) | P (PP) | Mean (SD) | P (PP) | P (NG) | Mean (SD) | P (PP) | P (NG) | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||||||
| Early pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Fasting | 81.50 (7.56) | 0.014 | 79.02 (5.74) | 0.002 | 93.81 (7.99) | 0.220 | <0.001 | 81.96 (4.80) | 0.163 | 0.014 |
| 30 min | 127.92 (26.55) | 0.264 | 120.01 (23.69) | 0.127 | 157.48 (22.58) | 0.564 | <0.001 | 138.09 (19.29) | 0.402 | <0.001 |
| 60 min | 124.85 (36.51) | 0.378 | 113.24 (30.56) | 0.513 | 174.52 (35.14) | 0.042 | <0.001 | 139.71 (19.54) | 0.712 | <0.001 |
| 120 min | 105.77 (29.72) | 0.076 | 96.28 (24.68) | 0.711 | 144.95 (33.68) | 0.021 | <0.001 | 112.75 (21.01) | 0.795 | 0.002 |
| Mid-late pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Fasting | 80.05 (6.75) | <0.001 | 78.55 (5.28) | <0.001 | 91.75 (7.54) | 84.29 (8.40) | 0.656 | 0.003 | ||
| 30 min | 133.35 (23.08) | 0.917 | 129.20 (21.52) | 0.738 | 134.75 (37.66) | 149.04 (20.32) | 0.223 | <0.001 | ||
| 60 min | 138.64 (33.16) | <0.001 | 129.34 (25.57) | 0.007 | 129.25 (36.47) | 177.04 (32.80) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 120 min | 114.33 (28.93) | <0.001 | 106.47 (21.01) | 0.003 | 124.00 (43.69) | 143.79 (34.80) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Postpartum | ||||||||||
| Fasting | 84.30 (8.35) | 82.62 (6.96) | 90.33 (11.14) | 0.011 | 84.33 (8.01) | 0.381 | ||||
| 30 min | 132.69 (25.30) | 128.64 (26.16) | 146.29 (21.82) | 0.014 | 139.67 (20.40) | 0.063 | ||||
| 60 min | 126.31 (35.81) | 117.82 (31.79) | 149.71 (34.40) | 0.002 | 141.30 (38.32) | 0.018 | ||||
| 120 min | 102.98 (29.46) | 96.54 (23.75) | 116.61 (33.21) | 0.025 | 116.05 (37.60) | 0.038 | ||||
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | ||||||||||
| Early pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Fasting | 6.84 (6.13) | 0.534 | 6.15 (5.17) | 0.445 | 9.51 (5.34) | 0.012 | 0.007 | 7.50 (10.62) | 0.632 | 0.729 |
| 30 min | 61.30 (39.43) | 0.008 | 62.73 (42.77) | 0.038 | 65.06 (36.12) | 0.003 | 0.794 | 45.53 (27.59) | 0.938 | 0.078 |
| 60 min | 63.99 (48.67) | <0.001 | 61.05 (49.81) | <0.001 | 93.43 (56.26) | <0.001 | 0.016 | 59.15 (35.51) | 0.013 | 0.757 |
| 120 min | 50.86 (43.89) | <0.001 | 45.68 (41.86) | <0.001 | 84.41 (57.83) | 0.009 | 0.006 | 46.23 (39.40) | 0.109 | 0.734 |
| Mid-late pregnancy | ||||||||||
| Fasting | 8.81 (5.11) | <0.001 | 8.67 (5.03) | <0.001 | 13.25 (6.92) | 8.67 (5.03) | <0.001 | 0.994 | ||
| 30 min | 69.12 (40.56) | <0.001 | 71.89 (43.18) | <0.001 | 45.20 (11.56) | 62.62 (30.91) | 0.015 | 0.354 | ||
| 60 min | 81.08 (60.34) | <0.001 | 78.92 (56.53) | <0.001 | 49.72 (33.56) | 94.83 (75.62) | <0.001 | 0.273 | ||
| 120 min | 66.49 (55.91) | <0.001 | 65.54 (60.06) | <0.001 | 50.23 (31.82) | 72.96 (40.17) | <0.001 | 0.217 | ||
| Postpartum | ||||||||||
| Fasting | 5.84 (3.40) | 5.97 (3.56) | 5.95 (3.58) | 0.871 | 5.04 (2.74) | 0.392 | ||||
| 30 min | 46.44 (29.30) | 49.59 (30.41) | 36.54 (23.04) | 0.182 | 41.98 (28.27) | 0.265 | ||||
| 60 min | 46.33 (33.89) | 46.57 (35.64) | 48.13 (33.49) | 0.621 | 44.29 (30.58) | 0.846 | ||||
| 120 min | 29.82 (22.95) | 26.56 (21.42) | 32.93 (22.86) | 0.488 | 34.13 (21.93) | 0.174 | ||||
| Stumvoll | ||||||||||
| Early pregnancy | 1,126 (514) | <0.001 | 1,187 (536) | 0.012 | 1,000 (485) | 0.001 | 0.127 | 889 (454) | 0.233 | 0.010 |
| Mid-late pregnancy | 1,216 (482) | <0.001 | 1,275 (507) | <0.001 | 1,042 (261) | 1,019 (346) | 0.002 | 0.005 | ||
| Postpartum | 903 (365) | 972 (355) | 698 (366) | 0.019 | 774 (316) | 0.028 | ||||
| Matsuda | ||||||||||
| Early pregnancy | 10.22 (8.06) | 0.131 | 11.82 (9.11) | 0.778 | 5.09 (3.75) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 8.90 (5.06) | 0.154 | 0.041 |
| Mid-late pregnancy | 6.67 (5.06) | <0.001 | 7.03 (5.34) | <0.001 | 5.23 (3.17) | 5.50 (3.96) | <0.001 | 0.124 | ||
| Postpartum | 10.93 (6.85) | 11.62 (7.56) | 8.71 (4.33) | 0.045 | 10.68 (5.63) | 0.546 | ||||
Results are presented as mean (SD). Only observed values (i.e., preimputation) are included. Values obtained during visits in which participants were excluded per protocol are omitted. P (PP) refers to the P value obtained from a paired t test that compares the value of a given measure (e.g., fasting glucose) at a given visit with that at the postpartum visit within the same group of participants. P (NG) refers to the P value obtained from a two-sample t test that compares the value of a given measure at a particular visit for a given subgroup with that for the no GDM subgroup. There is no P value for the rows and columns corresponding to the mid-late pregnancy visit for early GDM, as very few of these individuals attended those visits, per protocol. Insulin values were log transformed prior to performing t tests and obtaining P values. Mean and SD insulin values are presented prior to transformation.