Table 2.
Nutrient intake and biomarkers of adherence according to regional DNA methylation at ABCG1 and average- or high-protein diet group
| 6 months | 24 months | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P | T1 | T2 | T3 | P | |
| Average-protein group | ||||||||
| Dietary intake per day* | ||||||||
| Energy, kcal | 1,627.8 (532.0) | 1,663.8 (482.7) | 1,580.2 (467.9) | 0.90 | 1,653.8 (516.7) | 1,489.8 (403.2) | 1,501.6 (591.3) | 0.56 |
| Fat, % | 30.8 (9.0) | 29.1 (7.4) | 31.1 (8.7) | 0.38 | 31.7 (8.7) | 31.0 (8.8) | 29.3 (7.8) | 0.52 |
| Protein, % | 16.9 (2.7) | 18.4 (4.0) | 18.6 (4.3) | 0.06 | 18.7 (3.3) | 20.9 (4.7) | 19.9 (4.8) | 0.31 |
| Carbohydrates, % | 54.4 (10.2) | 53.0 (10.4) | 51.1 (10.7) | 0.39 | 51.1 (11.2) | 48.2 (9.0) | 49.8 (11.0) | 0.59 |
| Biomarkers of adherence | ||||||||
| Urinary nitrogen† | 10.6 (4.4) | 11.2 (4.8) | 10.6 (4.2) | 0.69 | 11.3 (3.7) | 11.7 (5.1) | 12.3 (4.1) | 0.40 |
| Respiratory quotient‡ | 0.8 (0.05) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.18 | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.51 |
| High-protein group | ||||||||
| Dietary intake per day* | ||||||||
| Energy, kcal | 1,613.1 (454.1) | 1,603.8 (721.7) | 1,609.4 (445.9) | 0.88 | 1,487.3 (426.4) | 1,478.9 (432.6) | 1,523.0 (434.1) | 0.78 |
| Fat, % | 29.8 (7.6) | 29.8 (8.4) | 32.3 (8.0) | 0.35 | 32.3 (9.4) | 30.3 (8.3) | 31.9 (7.3) | 0.68 |
| Protein, % | 21.6 (4.2) | 22.2 (3.5) | 22.5 (4.2) | 0.54 | 20.5 (5.8) | 21.2 (4.3) | 21.6 (3.8) | 0.91 |
| Carbohydrate, % | 49.8 (9.6) | 48.3 (8.8) | 44.7 (8.2) | 0.05 | 47.9 (10.0) | 47.9 (9.7) | 45.8 (9.4) | 0.92 |
| Biomarkers of adherence | ||||||||
| Urinary nitrogen† | 12.4 (4.9) | 12.1 (4.6) | 12.2 (4.6) | 0.69 | 12.0 (5.1) | 12.1 (4.6) | 12.6 (4.8) | 0.92 |
| Respiratory quotient‡ | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.49 | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.8 (0.05) | 0.8 (0.04) | 0.51 |
Data are given as mean ± SD.
Sample size in average-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 42, T2 = 57, and T3 = 46; high-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 48, T2 = 43, and T3 = 53. Sample size in average-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 26, T2 = 23, and T3 = 28; high-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 25, T2 = 22, and T3 = 25.
Sample size in average-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 69, T2 = 83, and T3 = 79; high-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 88, T2 = 78, and T3 = 89. Sample size in average-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 47, T2 = 57, and T3 = 48; high-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 59, T2 = 57, and T3 = 64.
Sample size in average-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 80, T2 = 95, and T3 = 87; high-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 94, T2 = 84, and T3 = 99. Sample size in average-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 64, T2 = 73, and T3 = 62; high-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 73, T2 = 71, and T3 = 74.