Skip to main content
. 2023 Sep 28;46(12):2201–2207. doi: 10.2337/dc23-0748

Table 2.

Nutrient intake and biomarkers of adherence according to regional DNA methylation at ABCG1 and average- or high-protein diet group

6 months 24 months
T1 T2 T3 P T1 T2 T3 P
Average-protein group
 Dietary intake per day*
  Energy, kcal 1,627.8 (532.0) 1,663.8 (482.7) 1,580.2 (467.9) 0.90 1,653.8 (516.7) 1,489.8 (403.2) 1,501.6 (591.3) 0.56
  Fat, % 30.8 (9.0) 29.1 (7.4) 31.1 (8.7) 0.38 31.7 (8.7) 31.0 (8.8) 29.3 (7.8) 0.52
  Protein, % 16.9 (2.7) 18.4 (4.0) 18.6 (4.3) 0.06 18.7 (3.3) 20.9 (4.7) 19.9 (4.8) 0.31
  Carbohydrates, % 54.4 (10.2) 53.0 (10.4) 51.1 (10.7) 0.39 51.1 (11.2) 48.2 (9.0) 49.8 (11.0) 0.59
 Biomarkers of adherence
  Urinary nitrogen 10.6 (4.4) 11.2 (4.8) 10.6 (4.2) 0.69 11.3 (3.7) 11.7 (5.1) 12.3 (4.1) 0.40
  Respiratory quotient 0.8 (0.05) 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 0.18 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 0.51
High-protein group
 Dietary intake per day*
  Energy, kcal 1,613.1 (454.1) 1,603.8 (721.7) 1,609.4 (445.9) 0.88 1,487.3 (426.4) 1,478.9 (432.6) 1,523.0 (434.1) 0.78
  Fat, % 29.8 (7.6) 29.8 (8.4) 32.3 (8.0) 0.35 32.3 (9.4) 30.3 (8.3) 31.9 (7.3) 0.68
  Protein, % 21.6 (4.2) 22.2 (3.5) 22.5 (4.2) 0.54 20.5 (5.8) 21.2 (4.3) 21.6 (3.8) 0.91
  Carbohydrate, % 49.8 (9.6) 48.3 (8.8) 44.7 (8.2) 0.05 47.9 (10.0) 47.9 (9.7) 45.8 (9.4) 0.92
 Biomarkers of adherence
  Urinary nitrogen 12.4 (4.9) 12.1 (4.6) 12.2 (4.6) 0.69 12.0 (5.1) 12.1 (4.6) 12.6 (4.8) 0.92
  Respiratory quotient 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 0.49 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.05) 0.8 (0.04) 0.51

Data are given as mean ± SD.

*

Sample size in average-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 42, T2 = 57, and T3 = 46; high-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 48, T2 = 43, and T3 = 53. Sample size in average-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 26, T2 = 23, and T3 = 28; high-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 25, T2 = 22, and T3 = 25.

Sample size in average-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 69, T2 = 83, and T3 = 79; high-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 88, T2 = 78, and T3 = 89. Sample size in average-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 47, T2 = 57, and T3 = 48; high-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 59, T2 = 57, and T3 = 64.

Sample size in average-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 80, T2 = 95, and T3 = 87; high-protein group at 6 months: T1 = 94, T2 = 84, and T3 = 99. Sample size in average-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 64, T2 = 73, and T3 = 62; high-protein group at 2 years: T1 = 73, T2 = 71, and T3 = 74.