. 2023 Nov 24;25:101566. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101566

Table 3.

Health outcomes regressed on locus of control and self-control.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Panel A: Overall and Physical Health
	Self-rated health		PCS		General health		Overweight		Obese
LOC	0.349***	0.291***	0.261***	0.244***	9.926***	8.332***	−0.019***	0.004	−0.036***	−0.016***
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.161)	(0.175)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
	[0.104]	[0.087]	.	.	[0.150]	[0.126]	[-0.031]	[0.007]	[-0.133]	[-0.061]
SC		0.160***		0.045***		4.382***		−0.065***		−0.054***
		(0.008)		(0.008)		(0.172)		(0.004)		(0.004)
		[0.048]		.		[0.066]		[-0.106]		[-0.200]
$χ^{2}$ test	.	340.6***	.	31.1***	.	498.7***	.	194.9***	.	166.4***
Adj. R²	0.233	0.254	0.272	0.274	0.264	0.298	0.067	0.081	0.044	0.056
Obs.	15,189	15,189	15,000	15,000	15,151	15,151	14,812	14,812	14,812	14,812
Panel B: Health Behaviors
	Inactive		Smoking		Number of cigarettes		Alcohol: weekly		Alcohol: 3+ drinks
LOC	−0.050***	−0.049***	−0.028***	−0.008**	−2.407**	−1.608	0.048***	0.074***	0.008*	0.041***
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(1.171)	(1.230)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
	[-0.420]	[-0.406]	[-0.176]	[-0.049]	[-0.034]	[-0.023]	[0.112]	[0.171]	[0.017]	[0.084]
SC		−0.005		−0.056***		−2.600**		−0.070***		−0.089***
		(0.003)		(0.003)		(1.272)		(0.004)		(0.005)
		[-0.038]		[-0.349]		[-0.037]		[-0.163]		[-0.185]
$χ^{2}$ test	.	2.4	.	254.8***	.	4.2**	.	238.7***	.	292.6***
Adj. R²	0.061	0.061	0.076	0.094	0.090	0.091	0.080	0.096	0.093	0.118
Obs.	15,234	15,234	15,178	15,178	2319	2319	15,164	15,164	12,154	12,154
Panel C: Mental Health and Wellbeing
	MCS		Mental health		Psychological distress		Life satisfaction		Health satisfaction
LOC	0.588***	0.525***	10.581***	9.490***	−0.192***	−0.174***	0.635***	0.577***	0.768***	0.664***
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.132)	(0.144)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.016)	(0.018)
	.	.	[0.146]	[0.131]	[-0.964]	[-0.872]	[0.080]	[0.072]	[0.107]	[0.093]
SC		0.176***		2.997***		−0.050***		0.158***		0.285***
		(0.008)		(0.139)		(0.003)		(0.012)		(0.017)
		.		[0.041]		[-0.253]		[0.020]		[0.040]
$χ^{2}$ test	.	405.0***	.	381.5***	.	224.2***	.	159.9***	.	256.8***
Adj. R²	0.378	0.403	0.371	0.393	0.267	0.280	0.216	0.226	0.197	0.214
Obs.	15,000	15,000	15,233	15,233	15,256	15,256	15,283	15,283	15,281	15,281

Notes: HILDA wave 19, analysis sample. OLS regressions. All regressions control for gender, age (in categories), education (in categories), migrant status, Indigenous status, state of residence fixed effects and a constant. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Relative effect sizes, where relevant, are in brackets. $χ^{2}$ test is a test of the null hypothesis that the locus of control coefficients from the initial (without self-control) and subsequent (with self-control) model are not statistically different from each other. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.