Table 4. Change from first time evaluation to second time evaluation by BPI-C.

	Intervention group		Control group		p-value
	mean	SD	mean	SD
Most pain in 24 h	−1.292	2.261	−2.9	3.435	0.268
Less pain in 24 h	−0.292	1.712	−1.5	1.5	0.191
Mean pain score	−1.682	2.432	−1.3	3.233	0.796
Pain score now	0.125	2.612	−2.3	4.467	0.177
Pain release %	60	35.86	50	47.61	0.69
Pain influence on
Daily life	−2.25	3.596	−3.8	4.438	0.514
Emotion	−2.375	2.978	−2	5.958	0.862
Walking	−0.458	3.689	−4.6	3.362	*
Work	−1.318	3.196	−2	4.848	0.741
Relationship	−1.792	3.513	−3.4	4.219	0.429
Sleep	−0.875	3.491	−0.2	4.438	0.741
Entertainment	−2.125	3.885	−4	3.674	0.372

Analysis by pair t-test. BPI-C: Chinese version of the Brief Pain Inventory.

Analysis of covariance: *p<0.05.