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. 2023 Nov 20;14:1272119. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272119

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Copyright © 2023 Fedele, Schiavoni, Trentini, Leone, Olivetta, Fallucca, Fiore, Di Martino, Abrignani, Baldo, Baldovin, Bandera, Clerici, De Paschale, Diaco, Domnich, Fortunato, Giberti, Gori, Grifantini, Lazzarotto, Lodi, Mastroianni, Prato, Restivo, Vitale, Brusaferro, Merler, Palamara, Stefanelli and the Study Group for the Immunological Monitoring post Covid19 vaccination

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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T-cell mediated immune response of COVID-19 healthy adults ≤65 years (Under, N=63) and frail elderly individuals >65 years (Over, N=40) who received three doses of mRNA vaccine. Individual frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFNγ, TNFα and IL-12 in healthy adults and frail elderly subjects in response to in vitro stimulation with Spike antigen are shown (A). Pie diagrams show the frequencies of non-responding T cells or T cells producing from 1 to 3 simultaneous cytokines (B).