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. 2023 Nov 20;14:1257457. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1257457

Table 2.

Concentrations of TAM, TMAO, choline, betaine, and L-carnitine in the participants.

mmol/mol Cr in Urine HC
(n=15)
Normo
(n=26)
Micro
(n=26)
P
TMA 1.68(1.33,1.83) 6.75(4.27,8.08)a 7.23(4.31,15.52)b <0.001
TMAO 53.64(23.69,78.35) 63.53(39.97,106) 46.48(34.59,66.73) 0.1665
TMAO/TMA(mol/mol) 24.61(16.76,37.39) 12.12(7.24,18.48)a 7.39(2.57,12.28)b,c <0.001
Choline 3.19(2.79,4.6) 8.72(5.96,14.33)a 13.18(7.84,21.91)b <0.001
Betaine 9.13(7.29,13.25) 35.61(17.23,74.5)a 50.11(22.62,82.64)b <0.001
L-Carnitine 4.95(2.9,12) 3.95(1.51,14.41) 4.46(1.26,14.24) 0.9204

HC, Healthy Controls; Normo, T2DM patients with normoalbuminuria; Micro, T2DM patients with microalbuminuria. aP <0.05: HC versus Normo; bP <0.05: HC versus Microa; cP <0.05: Normo versus Micro.