Catalyst textural properties of both catalysts (RNC-V, NC-V) derived from the N₂ adsorption isotherms at 77 K, and the average size of the catalyst particle diameter (D^a: derived from XRD, and D^b: derived from H₂-TPD). The DOR and dispersion of cobalt particles were evaluated by the H₂-TPD and oxygen titration.

Sample	S BET (m2 g−1)	V P (cm3 g−1)	D a (nm)	D b (nm)	DOR%	Dispersion%
NC-V catalyst	414	0.445	6.76	8.84	78.1	11.24
RNC-V catalyst	453.7	0.579	6.15	7.93	83.6	12.54