Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of individuals with and without HFpEF
| No HFpEF (n=281) | HFpEF* (n=228) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Characteristic | |||
| Age, years | 50 ± 16 | 61 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Female, sex | 178 (63) | 133 (58) | 0.25 |
| Current smoking | 10 (4) | 4 (2) | 0.22 |
| Prevalent MI | 9 (3) | 11 (5) | 0.35 |
| Beta-blocker use | 56 (20) | 100 (44) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension medication use | 112 (40) | 148 (65) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 (5) | 22 (10) | 0.062 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 45 (16) | 59 (26) | 0.006 |
| Connective tissue disease | 27 (10) | 20 (9) | 0.75 |
| Pulmonary Embolism | 24 (9) | 14 (7) | 0.31 |
| NT-pro BNP, pg/L | 45 (24 – 106) | 93 (46 – 263) | <0.001 |
| Cardiometabolic Traits | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 5.9 | 30.6 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 82 (29) | 110 (48) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (7) | 41 (18) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 139 (49) | 170 (75) | <0.001 |
| Adiposity-related biomarkers | |||
| CRP, mg/L | 1.35 (0.6 – 3.4) | 2.3 (0.9 – 5.1) | <0.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 3.7 (2.4 – 6.4) | 5.0 (3.1 – 8.1) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR, mg·IU/dL·mL | 1.73 (0.96–3.13) | 2.06 (1.18 –3.86) | 0.02 |
| Leptin, pg/mL | 14313 (5834 – 27082) | 20027 (9603 – 37409) | <0.001 |
| Resistin, pg/mL | 10971 (8998 – 14571) | 11857 (8910 – 14922) | 0.19 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 6280 (4213 – 8676) | 6274 (4209 – 9681) | 0.48 |
| Echocardiographic measures | |||
| LV ejection fraction, % | 65 ± 6 | 66 ± 7 | 0.14 |
| LV hypertrophy | 21 (10) | 50 (27) | <0.001 |
| Left atrial enlargement | 45 (21) | 67 (36) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 57 (24) | 64 (37) | 0.006 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
p-value indicates comparison between HFpEF and non-HFpEF groups. Hypertension medication defined as use of any of the following: calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers.
Abbreviations: MI = myocardial infarction; BMI = body mass index; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-pro BNP = N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide; CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6 = interleukin-6; HOMA-IR= homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LV = left ventricular. Echocardiographic measures available in n=403, and diastolic function reported in n=247.