Table 3.
Multivariable analyses of the effect of intimate partner violence on obstetrical and perinatal outcomes
| Outcome | Univariable odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stillbirth | 0.84 (0.51–1.39) | .50 | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | .65 |
| Neonatal death | 0.50 (0.12–1.99) | .32 | 0.52 (0.13–2.16) | .37 |
| Severe neonatal morbidity | 1.21 (1.09–1.35) | <.001 | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | .001 |
| Acidosis (pH <7 or base excess <−12) | 1.10 (0.58–2.11) | .76 | 1.07 (0.56–2.03) | .85 |
| Apgar score <4 at 5 min | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | .77 | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) | .88 |
| Severe respiratory distress | 1.19 (1.07–1.34) | .002 | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | .003 |
| Significant neonatal resuscitation | 1.17 (0.90–1.53) | .23 | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | .21 |
| NICU or ICN Admission | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | .40 | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) | .45 |
| IOL | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | <.001 | 1.16 (1.08–1.26) | <.001 |
| Instrumental delivery (vacuum or forceps) | 0.75 (0.67–0.85) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | <.001 |
| Emergency CD | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | .21 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | .37 |
| Emergency CD for NRFS | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | .46 | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | .62 |
| Elective CD | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | <.001 |
| Birth weight <10th percentile | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | .02 | 1.17 (1.04–1.33) | .01 |
| Birth weight <5th percentile | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) | .01 | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | .01 |
| EPDS score ≥12 | 5.42 (4.85–6.05) | <.001 | 5.44 (4.86–6.09) | <.001 |
| >1 acute presentation | 1.72 (1.59–1.86) | <.001 | 1.71 (1.58–1.85) | <.001 |
| PPROM | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) | .01 | 1.23 (1.05–1.45) | <.01 |
| PTB <37 weeks’ gestation | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | <.001 | 1.29 (1.12–1.47) | <.001 |
| Planned PTB <37 wk | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | .22 | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | .16 |
| Admission to hospital after acute presentation | 1.47 (1.32–1.63) | <.001 | 1.44 (1.30–1.61) | <.001 |
| APH | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | .24 | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | .32 |
| PPH >1500 mLb | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | .27 | 1.19 (0.85–1.64) | .31 |
| Maternal ICU admission | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | .94 | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) | .93 |
APH, antepartum hemorrhage; CD, cesarean delivery; CI, confidence interval; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; ICN, intensive care nursery; ICU, intensive care unit; IOL, induction of labor; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NRFS, nonreassuring fetal status; PPH, postpartum hemorrhage; PPROM, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes; PTB, preterm birth.
Adjusted for socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and refugee status
PPH defined as blood loss >1500 mL––for major PPH with moderate shock or greater, the national guidelines recommend that the subject should undergo formal clinical incident review.
Lockington. Intimate partner violence and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol Glob Rep 2023.