Table 2.
Characteristics of intervention of the selected studies (n=19).
| Study | Intervention | Control | Type of intervention | Outcome measurement |
| Azami et al [28] | Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation | Psychostimulants | Individual: 20 sessions in 3 mo, 90 min/session | Continuous Performance Test, Tower-of-London, Forward/Backward Digit Span From WISC-Ra, Raven Progressive Matrices, and web-based version of Span Board Task Progressive Matrices |
| Benzing and Schmidt [27] | Exergame training | Not receiving training | Individual: 8 wk, 3 times a week for at least 30 min | Conners‐3 Rating Scales and German Motor Test |
| Bigorra et al [32] | Computerized working memory training | Nonadaptive work memory training | Individual: 5 wk, 5 sessions per week, 30-45 min/session | Backward Digit Span, Letter-number Sequencing of WISC-IVb, Backward Spatial Span of WMS-IIIc, Lowa Gambling Task, Happé Strange Stories, and Folk Psychology Test |
| Bikic et al [24] | Cognitive computer games of the ACTIVATE program | Treatment as usual | Individual: 6 times a week, 8 wk | Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, Motor Screening Task, Attention Switching Task, Rapid Visual Information Processing, Intraextra Dimensional Set Shift, Reaction Time, ADHDd Rating Scale, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function |
| Bioulac et al [33] | Virtual classroom cognitive remediation program | Psychotherapy placebo training | Individual: twice a week for 6 wk, 12 sessions, 30 min/session | ADHD Rating Scale and Continuous Performance Test Task Assessment |
| Breider et al [30] | Web-based program and supportive therapist contact | Face-to-face parent training | Parents: 17 sessions, 45-60 min/session | Child Behavior Checklist |
| Corkum et al [41] | Web-based learning and blackboard learning | Treatment as usual | Teachers: 6 training sessions | Conners-3 Parent and Teacher Rating Scales and Impairment Rating Scale |
| Dovis et al [19] | Braingame Brian training | Placebo-mode working memory training | Individual: 25 training sessions in 5 wk, 35-50 min per session | Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire for Children, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and Home Situations Questionnaire |
| Egeland et al [21] | Cogmed RoboMemo program | Treatment as usual | Individual: daily basis for 5-7 wk, 30-45 min | Color Word Test, Trail Making Test, Conners Continuous Performance Test-II, Key Math, Logometrica, Benton Visual Retention Test, Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test-2, ADHD Rating Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function |
| Fried et al [44] | Text messaging | Treatment as usual | Individual: 45 d | Adherence to stimulants |
| Gevensleben et al [42] | Neurofeedback training | Attention skills training | Individual: 6 mo, 25-30 min/session | ADHD Rating Scale, German Rating Scale for Oppositional Defiant/Conduct Disorders, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, Home Situations Questionnaire, and Homework Problem Checklist |
| Kofler et al [25] | Central executive training | Inhibitory control training | Group: 10 wk, 1 h/wk; individual: 10 wk, 2-3 d/wk, 15 min/d | Behavior Assessment System for Children, ADHD Rating Scale, and Phonological and Visuospatial Reordering |
| Kollins et al [43] | AKL-T01 (a digital therapeutic) | Digital game | Individual: 5 d/wk for 4 wk, 25 min/d | ADHD Rating Scale, Test of Variables of Attention, and Attention Performance Index |
| Lim et al [29] | Brain computer interface-based attention training program | Not receiving training | Individual: 3 sessions/wk in the first 8 wk and 4 sessions/wk in the next 12 wk | ADHD Rating Scale Inattention Score and Child Behavior Checklist |
| Meyer et al [26] | Computerized training | Medication as usual | Individual: at least 5 d a week for 4 wk, 15 min/d | Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV Questionnaire and Conners Parent Rating Scale and Conners Teacher Rating Scale |
| Moreno-García et al [20] | Neurofeedback training | Pharmacology | Individual: 40 sessions | ADHD Rating Scale and Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test |
| Steiner et al [22] | Computer attention training using neurofeedback or cognitive training | Not receiving training | Individual: 40 sessions over 5 mo, 3 times/wk, 45 min/time | Conners 3–Parent Assessment Report, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, and Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools |
| van der Oord et al [23] | Executive functioning training | Treatment as usual | Individual: 25 sessions over 5 wk, 40 min/session | Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale |
| Wangler et al [31] | Neurofeedback training | Computerized attention skills training | Individual: 3-4 wk, 25-30 min/session | Attention Network Test and ADHD Rating Scale |
aWISC-R: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised.
bWISC-IV: Backward Digit Span of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV.
cWMS-III: Wechsler Memory Scale–III.
dADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.