Table 3.

Meta-analyses results of technology-based interventions for school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Variables			Number of effect sizes		Standardized mean difference		SE		95% CI		z score		P value
Parent-rated inattention
	ADHD-RSa	7		−0.190		0.099		−0.384 to 0.004		−1.92		.05
	Conners 3-Pb	4		−0.373		0.144		−0.655 to −0.092		−2.60		.10
	DBDRSc	2		−0.462		0.212		−0.878 to −0.045		−2.17		.09
Teacher-rated inattention
	ADHD-RS	6		0.052		0.077		−0.098 to 0.202		0.678		.50
	Conners 3-Td	1		−0.150		0.318		−0.774 to 0.474		−0.472		.64
	DBDRS	2		−0.113		0.201		−0.507 to 0.280		−0.564		.57
Computer-rated inattention
	ADHD-RS	2		−0.345		0.17		−0.679 to −0.011		−2.025		.043
Parent-rated hyperactivity or impulsivity
	ADHD-RS	7		0.032		0.14		−0.243 to 0.306		0.225		.82
	Conners 3-P	4		−0.16		0.184		−0.521 to 0.200		−0.871		.38
	DBDRS	2		−0.311		0.267		−0.834 to 0.212		−1.164		.24
Teacher-rated hyperactivity or impulsivity
	ADHD-RS	4		0.097		0.133		−0.163 to 0.358		0.732		.46
	Conners 3-T	1		0.312		0.318		−0.312 to 0.935		0.979		.33
	DBDRS	2		−0.13		0.2		−0.521 to 0.261		−0.651		.52
Parent-rated executive functions
	BRIEFe	2		−0.347		0.17		−0.681 to −0.013		−2.038		.04
Parent-rated inhibition
	BRIEF	3		−0.192		0.192		−0.568 to 0.185		−0.998		.32
	German Motor Test	1		−0.686		0.349		−1.370 to −0.002		−1.967		.05
Computer-rated inhibition
	BASCf	1		0.231		0.274		−0.306 to 0.768		0.844		.40
	BRIEF	1		0.125		0.273		−0.410 to 0.661		0.458		.65
Parent-rated working memory
	BRIEF	3		−0.032		0.154		−0.333 to 0.269		−0.206		.84
	German Motor Test	1		0.285		0.283		−0.269 to 0.840		1.009		.31
	WISC-IVg	1		0.788		0.266		0.267 to 1.309		2.965		<.001
Computer-rated working memory
	BRIEF	2		0.261		0.449		−0.620 to 1.141		0.580		.56
	WISC-IV	2		1.486		0.534		0.439 to 2.534		2.782		.01
Parent-rated flexibility
	BRIEF	3		−0.142		0.259		−0.649 to 0.365		−0.549		.58
	German Motor Test	1		−0.566		0.457		−1.462 to 0.331		−1.237		.22
Parent-rated emotional control
	BRIEF	2		0.035		0.419		−0.786 to 0.856		0.084		.93
Parent-rated initiation
	BRIEF	2		0.108		0.244		−0.370 to 0.586		0.442		.66
Teacher-rated initiation
	BRIEF	2		0.196		0.169		−0.136 to 0.528		1.156		.25
Parent-rated planning and organization
	BRIEF	2		0.057		0.253		−0.438 to 0.553		0.227		.82
Parent-rated organizing materials
	BRIEF	2		0.118		0.177		−0.230 to 0.465		0.663		.51
Parent-rated monitoring
	BRIEF	2		0.291		0.327		−0.349 to 0.932		0.891		.37
Parent-rated metacognition
	BRIEF	5		−0.144		0.131		−0.400 to 0.113		−1.099		.27
Teacher-rated metacognition
	BRIEF	2		−0.116		0.171		−0.451 to 0.220		−0.676		.50
Parent-rated disruptive behavior disorder
	ADHD-RS	1		0.350		0.242		−0.124 to 0.825		1.447		.15
	BOSSh	2		−0.187		0.170		−0.521 to 0.147		−1.096		.27
	CBCi	3		−0.504		0.111		−0.720 to −0.287		−4.550		<.001
	DBDRS	5		−0.306		0.125		−0.552 to −0.060		−2.441		.02
	FBB-SSVj	3		−0.127		0.154		−0.428 to 0.174		−0.826		.41
Teacher-rated disruptive behavior disorder
	ADHD-RS	1		0.076		0.239		−0.392 to 0.545		0.319		.75
	DBDRS	4		0.009		0.141		−0.267 to 0.286		0.065		.95
Computer-rated visual attention
	ANTk	5		0.014		0.112		−0.207 to 0.234		0.121		.90
	ASTl	2		−0.114		0.183		−0.473 to 0.244		−0.624		.53
	BVRTm	1		0.000		0.263		−0.516 to 0.516		0.000		>.99
	CPTn	8		−0.419		0.124		−0.662 to −0.176		−3.377		<.001
	IEDo	1		−0.313		0.260		−0.822 to 0.196		−1.205		.23
	IVA/CPTp	6		−0.250		0.132		−0.508 to 0.009		−1.892		.06
	RTIq	2		−0.425		0.186		−0.790 to −0.060		−2.280		.02
	RVIPr	4		−0.021		0.130		−0.275 to 0.233		−0.165		.87
Computer-rated auditory attention
	CAVLT-2s	5		0.011		0.147		−0.276 to 0.298		0.074		.94
	IVA/CPT	4		−0.084		0.195		−0.467 to 0.298		−0.431		.67
Parent-rated sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward
	SPSRQ-Ct	4		−0.147		0.128		−0.399 to 0.104		−1.148		.25
Parent-rated quality of life
	PedsQLu	1		0.646		0.263		0.131 to 1.161		2.458		.01
Self-rated quality of life
	PedsQL	1		0.042		0.256		−0.460 to 0.544		0.163		.87
Computer-rated reading fluency
	LOGOSv	2		0.014		0.186		−0.351 to 0.379		0.073		.94
Parent-rated adherence to stimulants
	Adherence to stimulants	1		−0.113		0.125		−0.358 to 0.132		−0.906		.37

^aADHD-RS: ADHD Rating Scale.

^bConners 3-P: Conners 3 Parent Rating Scale.

^cDBDRS: Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale.

^dConners 3-T: Conners 3 Teacher Rating Scale.

^eBRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.

^fBASC: Behavior Assessment System for Children.

^gWISC-IV: Backward Digit Span of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV.

^hBOSS: Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools.

ⁱCBC: Child Behavior Checklist.

^jFBB-SSV: Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Störungen des Sozialverhaltens.

^kANT: Attention Network Test.

^lAST: Attention Switching Task.

^mBVRT: Benton Visual Retention Test.

ⁿCPT: Continuous Performance Test.

^oIED: Intraextra Dimensional Set Shift.

^pIVA/CPT: Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test.

^qRTI: Reaction Time.

^rRVIP: Rapid Visual Information Processing.

^sCAVLT-2: Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test-2.

^tSPSRQ-C: Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire for Children.

^uPedsQL: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.

^vLOGOS: Logometrica.