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. 2023 Nov 21;10:e51459. doi: 10.2196/51459

Table 4.

Results of moderators between technology-based intervention for school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


 Number of effect sizes Standardized mean difference SE 95% CI z score P value Heterogeneity







Q-statistics I2
ADHD behavior 46 −0.105 0.037 −0.177 to −0.033 −2.853 <.001 61.123 26.378

Number of sessions N/Aa N/A N/A N/A −2.312 .02 N/A N/A


≤20 11 −0.012 0.094 −0.195 to 0.172 −0.124 .90



>20 to 40 26 −0.111 0.060 −0.229 to 0.007 −1.841 .07



>40 to 60 4 −0.163 0.143 −0.443 to 0.117 −1.140 .25



>60 2 −0.254 0.153 −0.554 to 0.045 −1.663 .10


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.651 .01 N/A N/A


≤50 10 −0.245 0.112 −0.465 to −0.025 −2.183 .03



>50 to 100 29 −0.076 0.057 −0.188 to 0.037 −1.320 .19



>100 7 −0.143 0.092 −0.324 to 0.037 −1.555 .12


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.651 .01 N/A N/A


Home 21 −0.102 0.056 −0.212 to 0.007 −1.827 .07



Mixed 8 0.204 0.107 −0.006 to 0.414 1.905 .06



Nonhome 12 −0.242 0.066 −0.372 to −0.113 −3.670 <.001


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.800 .01 N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 40 −0.151 0.043 −0.234 to −0.068 −3.546 <.001



Game elements included 1 0.241 0.131 −0.015 to 0.497 1.845 .07


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.756 .01 N/A N/A


Equivalent treatment 9 0.083 0.071 −0.057 to 0.223 1.161 .25



No treatment 28 −0.225 0.047 −0.317 to −0.132 −4.749 <.001



Nonequivalent treatment 4 0.337 0.165 0.013 to 0.661 2.041 .04

Executive functions 48 0.013 0.037 −0.060 to 0.087 0.357 .72 99.361 52.698

Number of sessions N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.257 .80 N/A N/A


≤20 3 0.777 0.303 0.183 to 1.371 2.564 .01



>20 to 40 43 −0.012 0.056 −0.121 to 0.097 −0.214 .83



>40 to 60 2 0.012 0.253 −0.484 to 0.508 0.048 .96


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.260 .80 N/A N/A


≤50 7 −0.046 0.168 −0.376 to 0.284 −0.272 .79



>50 to 100 37 0.063 0.058 −0.051 to 0.177 1.082 .28



>100 4 −0.363 0.174 −0.704 to −0.023 −2.093 .04


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.257 .80 N/A N/A


Home 40 0.047 0.059 −0.068 to 0.163 0.802 .42



Mixed 2 0.178 0.268 −0.347 to 0.703 0.664 .51



Nonhome 6 −0.239 0.146 −0.525 to 0.047 −1.641 .10


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.260 .80 N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 42 0.009 0.055 −0.099 to 0.116 0.161 .87



Game elements included 3 −0.318 0.219 −0.748 to 0.112 −1.448 .15


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.257 .80 N/A N/A


Equivalent treatment 11 −0.022 0.111 −0.240 to 0.196 −0.196 .84



No treatment 34 −0.007 0.062 −0.129 to 0.115 −0.118 .91



Nonequivalent treatment 3 0.777 0.303 0.183 to 1.370 2.565 .01

Disruptive behavior disorder 19 −0.212 0.057 −0.323 to −0.101 −3.735 <.001 27.160 33.725

Number of sessions N/A N/A N/A N/A −3.307 <.001 N/A N/A


≤20 1 −1.070 0.475 −2.001 to −0.138 −2.251 .02



>20 to 40 13 −0.102 0.078 −0.254 to 0.050 −1.312 .19



>60 2 −0.470 0.128 −0.722 to −0.219 −3.668 <.001


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A −3.422 <.001 N/A N/A


≤50 5 −0.395 0.156 −0.702 to −0.089 −2.527 .01



>50 to 100 10 −0.035 0.084 −0.200 to 0.131 −0.411 .68



>100 4 −0.377 0.102 −0.577 to −0.176 −3.675 <.001


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.714 .01 N/A N/A


Home 12 −0.127 0.096 −0.314 to 0.061 −1.322 .19



Nonhome 4 −0.361 0.130 −0.017 to −0.616 −2.781 .01


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.738 .01 N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 19 −0.196 0.072 −0.337 to −0.056 −2.738 .01


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.911 <.001 N/A N/A


Equivalent treatment 8 −0.106 0.106 −0.314 to 0.102 −1.001 .32



No treatment 10 −0.235 0.090 −0.412 to −0.058 −2.606 .01



Nonequivalent treatment 1 −1.070 0.491 −2.032 to −0.108 −2.179 .03

Visual attention 29 −0.174 0.050 −0.273 to −0.076 −3.487 <.001 36.296 22.856

Number of sessions N/A N/A N/A N/A −3.415 <.001 N/A N/A


≤20 5 −0.355 0.185 −0.718 to 0.009 −1.914 .06



>20 to 40 18 −0.232 0.077 −0.383 to −0.080 −3.000 <.001



>40 to 60 1 0.000 0.307 −0.602 to 0.602 0.000 >.99


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A −3.112 <.001 N/A N/A


≤50 2 −0.025 0.315 −0.642 to 0.592 −0.080 .94



>50 to 100 27 −0.187 0.059 −0.303 to −0.071 −3.152 <.001


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A −2.810 .01 N/A N/A


Home 12 −0.162 0.095 −0.349 to 0.025 −1.700 .10



Mixed 8 −0.323 0.127 −0.571 to −0.075 −2.550 .01



Nonhome 1 0.000 0.312 −0.612 to 0.612 0.000 >.99


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A −3.146 <.001 N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 27 −0.187 0.059 −0.303 to −0.071 −3.152 <.001



Game elements included 2 −0.025 0.315 −0.642 to 0.592 −0.080 .94


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A −3.146 <.001 N/A N/A


Equivalent treatment 13 −0.267 0.086 −0.435 to −0.099 −3.109 <.001



No treatment 10 −0.147 0.089 −0.322 to 0.028 −1.647 .10



Nonequivalent treatment 6 −0.003 0.155 −0.306 to 0.300 −0.017 .99 —b —
Auditory attention 9 −0.020 0.091 −0.199 to 0.159 −0.218 .83 11.641 31.279

Number of sessions N/A N/A N/A N/A −0.200 .84 N/A N/A


>20 to 40 4 −0.084 0.195 −0.467 to 0.298 −0.431 .67



>40 to 60 5 0.011 0.147 −0.276 to 0.298 0.074 .94


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A −0.205 .84 N/A N/A


>50 to 100 9 −0.023 0.111 −0.240 to 0.195 −0.205 .84


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A −0.200 .84 N/A N/A


Mixed 4 −0.084 0.195 −0.467 to 0.298 −0.431 .67



Nonhome 5 0.011 0.147 −0.276 to 0.298 0.074 .94


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A −0.205 .84 N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 9 −0.023 0.111 −0.240 to 0.195 −0.205 .84


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A −0.200 .84 N/A N/A


No treatment 5 0.011 0.147 −0.276 to 0.298 0.074 .94



Nonequivalent treatment 4 −0.084 0.195 −0.467 to 0.298 −0.431 .67

Sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward 4 −0.147 0.128 −0.399 to 0.104 −1.148 >.99 0.000 0.000
Quality of life 2 0.336 0.183 −0.023 to 0.696 1.833 .07 2.712 63.124

Number of sessions N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.129 .26 N/A N/A


>20 to 40 2 0.341 0.302 −0.251 to 0.933 1.129 .26


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


>50 to 100 2 0.341 0.302 −0.251 to 0.933 1.129 .26


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


Home 2 0.341 0.302 −0.251 to 0.933 1.129 .26


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 2 0.341 0.302 −0.251 to 0.933 1.129 .26


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


Equivalent treatment 2 0.341 0.302 −0.251 to 0.933 1.129 .26

Reading fluency 2 0.014 0.173 −0.326 to 0.353 0.079 .94 1.156 13.528

Number of sessions N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.073 .94 N/A N/A


>40 to 60 2 0.014 0.186 −0.351 to 0.379 0.073 .94


Sample size N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.073 .94 N/A N/A


>50 to 100 2 0.014 0.186 −0.351 to 0.379 0.073 .94


Setting N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.073 .94 N/A N/A


Nonhome 2 0.014 0.186 −0.351 to 0.379 0.073 .94


Game elements N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.073 .94 N/A N/A


Game elements excluded 2 0.014 0.186 −0.351 to 0.379 0.073 .94


Types of control group N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.073 .94 N/A N/A


No treatment 2 0.014 0.186 −0.351 to 0.379 0.073 .94

aN/A: not applicable.

bNot available.