Table 4.

Risk of c-section and other obstetric and perinatal outcomes in Haitian, Venezuelan, and other nationalities, compared to non-immigrant women. Log Binomial multivariable regression models.

Birth outcomes	Non-immigrant pregnancy (n = 5,274)	Haitian pregnancy (n = 1,781) (A)			Venezuelan pregnancy n = 974) (B)			Other Immigrant pregnancy (n = 2,137) (C)
	n (%)	n (%)	RR (IC95%)	RRa (IC95%)	n (%)	RR (IC95%)	RRa (IC95%)	n (%)	RR (IC95%)	RRa (IC95%)
Birth type of delivery
Vaginal birth	3,735 (70.82)	1,042 (58.51)	Ref	Ref	597 (58.21)	Ref	Ref	1,462 (68.41)	Ref	Ref
Elective cesarean section	426 (8.08)	107 (6.01)	0.93 (0.74–1.11)	0.96 (0.78–1.18)	131 (13.45)	1.83 (1.53–2.19)	2.18 (1.81–2.63)	182 (8.52)	1.08 (0.92–1.27)	1.11 (0.94–1.31)
Emergency cesarean section	1,113 (21.10)	632 (35.49)	1.64 (1.52–1.78)	1.61 (1.48–1.75)	276 (28.34)	1.43 (1.28–1.59)	1.50 (1.33–1.68)	493 (23.07)	1.09 (1.00–1.20)	1.09 (0.99–1.19)
Personalized childbirth care
No	4,504 (85.40)	1,562 (87.70)	1.02 (1.01–1.05)	1.03 (1.00–1.05)	853 (87.58)	1.03 (0.99–1.52)	1.03 (1.05–1.06)	1,840 (86.10)	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	1.01 (0.99–1.03)
Yes	770 (14.60)	219 (12.30)	Ref	Ref	121 (12.42)	Ref	Ref	297 (13.90)	Ref	Ref
Labor and childbirth companion
No	688 (13.05)	574 (32.23)	2.47 (2.24–2.72)	2.48 (2.24–2.75)	162 (16.63)	1.27 (1.09–1.49)	1.32 (1.11–1.56)	384 (17.97)	1.38 (1.23–1.54)	1.35 (1.20–1.52)
Yes	4,586 (86.95)	1,207 (67.77)	Ref	Ref	812 (83.37)	Ref	Ref	1,753 (82.03)	Ref	Ref
Postpartum attachment to newborns
No	1,081 (20.50)	678 (38.07)	1.86 (1.72–2.01)	1.88 (1.73–2.05)	219 (22.48)	1.09 (0.96–1.25)	1.15 (1.00–1.31)	424 (19.84)	0.97 (0.88–1.07)	0.98 (0.88–1.08)
Yes	4,193 (79.50)	1,103 (61.93)	Ref	Ref	755 (77.52)	Ref	Ref	1,713 (80.16)	Ref	Ref
Classification by gestational weeks
Term (≥37 Weeks)	4,570 (86.65)	1,634 (91.75)	Ref	Ref	875 (89.84)	Ref	Ref	1,980 (92.65)	Ref	Ref
Moderate (32–36 weeks)	582 (11.04)	92 (5.17)	0.47 (0.38–0.58)	0.51 (0.41–0.64)	78 (8.01)	0.72 (0.58–0.91)	0.85 (0.68–1.08)	134 (6.27)	0.56 (0.47–0.67)	0.59 (0.49–0.71)
Very Preterm (28–31 Weeks)	79 (1.50)	22 (1.24)	0.78 (0.49–1.25)	0.85 (0.52–1.38)	9 (0.92)	0.60 (0.30–1.19)	0.72 (0.36–1.47)	12 (0.56)	0.35 (0.19–0.65)	0.34 (0.21–0.69)
Extremely (<28 weeks)	43 (0.82)	33 (1.85)	2.12 (1.35–3.33)	2.09 (1.30–3.36)	12 (1.23)	1.45 (0.77–2.74)	1.47 (0.75–2.88)	11 (0.51)	0.59 (0.31–1.15)	0.60 (0.30–1.17)
Classification by birthweight
Normal	4,760 (90.25)	1,589 (89.22)	Ref	Ref	876 (89.94)	Ref	Ref	2,020 (94.53)	Ref	Ref
Low birthweght	420 (7.96)	136 (7.64)	0.97 (0.81–1.17)	1.03 (0.85–1.25)	77 (7.91)	0.99 (0.79–1.26)	1.13 (0.89–1.44)	98 (4.59)	0.57 (0.46–0.71)	0.59 (0.48–0.74)
Very low birtweight	53 (1.00)	24 (1.35)	1.35 (0.84–2.18)	1.63 (0.98–2.69)	7 (0.72)	0.72 (0.33–1.58)	1.18 (0.52–2.71)	6 (0.28)	0.27 (0.12–0.62)	0.32 (0.14–0.76)
Extremely low birthweight	41 (0.78)	32 (1.80)	2.31 (1.46–3.66)	2.35 (1.45–3.83)	14 (1.44)	1.84 (1.01–3.36)	2.06 (1.08–3.92)	13 (0.61)	0.75 (0.40–1.39)	0.78 (0.41–1.48)
APGAR at 1 min
Normal (>7)	5,037 (95.51)	1,609 (90.34)	Ref	Ref	927 (95.17)	Ref	Ref	2,068 (96.77)	Ref	Ref
Moderate depression (4–6)	120 (2.28)	93 (5.22)	2.35 (1.80–3.06)	2.43 (1.83–3.22)	26 (2.67)	1.17 (0.77–1.78)	1.25 (0.81–1.94)	33 (1.54)	0.68 (0.46–0.99)	0.68 (0.46–0.99)
Severe depression (<4)	117 (2.22)	79 (4.44)	2.06 (1.56–2.73)	1.96 (1.45–2.63)	21 (2.16)	0.98 (0.62–1.54)	1.05 (0.65–1.69)	36 (1.68)	0.75 (0.52–1.09)	0.75 (0.51–1.09)

RR, Crude relative risk; RRa, adjusted relative risk by age and health insurance.

A = Haitians compared to non-immigrants (Haitians = 1, non-immigrants = 0).

B = Venezuelan compared to non-immigrants (Venezuelan = 1, non-immigrants = 0).

C = Other nationalities (except Haitians and Venezuelans), compared to non-immigrantrs (other nationalities = 1, non-immigrants = 0).