RpoS and Dps protect exponential- and stationary-phase cells against NEM. Cells were grown in K10 medium, and cell viability of exponential (open symbols)- and stationary (closed symbols)-phase cells was determined exactly as described in Materials and Methods. (a) NEM was added at 0.2 mM to cells of MJF274 (•, ○), MJF378 (rpoS::Tn10; ▪, □), and MJF371 (dps::kan; ▴, ▵) at time zero; (b) 0.1 mM NEM was added to cells of MJF381 (rpoS::Tn10, dps::kan; ○, •), MJF371 (▵, ▴), and MJF378 (□, ▪) at time zero. The arrows represent no viable cells by the next time point; error bars represent the standard deviation from the mean for one experiment.