Table 4.

Stress perception across time among repeated sessions.

	Pre-first intervention		Post-first intervention		Pre-second intervention		Post-second intervention		Pre-third intervention		Post-third intervention		p-value*
	taVNS	sham	taVNS	sham	taVNS	sham	taVNS	sham	taVNS	sham	taVNS	sham
PSS
Subjective stressa, b, c	24.318 ± 8.097	22.636 ± 7.594	25.045 ± 6.973	17.045 ± 6.862	23.955 ± 9.110	19.045 ± 7.061	19.773 ± 9.690	15.682 ± 6.736	23.091 ± 8.411	20.318 ± 6.743	20.818 ± 8.410	23.000 ± 6.218	0.042

PSS, perceived stress scale. ^*p-value used in the analysis of effects. Means and standard deviations are shown for each variable. Only significant interactions were reported (p < 0.05). ^aSignificant session (single or repeated) effect. ^bSignificant session^*intervention effect. ^cSignificant intervention (taVNS or sham) effect.