Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for the total sample and pre-specified groups
| Total | Group 1 (n = 80) |
Group 2 (n = 14) |
Group 3 (n = 78) |
Group 4 (n = 2) |
Group 5 (n = 23) |
Group 6 (n = 33) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predefined strata characteristics: | |||||||
| Wave | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| HbA1c status | - | - | Low | Low | High | High | |
| Previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Admission characteristics: | |||||||
| Age | 66 (58–73) | 66 (56–73) | 73 (66–75) | 65 (58–72) | 73.5 (70–77) | 64 (57–71) | 64 (59–70) |
| Gender (female) | 55 (23.7%) | 20 (25.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 26 (33.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (13.0%) | 4 (12.1%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 (25-30.7) | 27 (24.9–29.6) | 28.2 (25.9–30.9) | 26.9 (24.8–29.2) | 29.1 (24.6–33.6) | 28.7 (26.5–32.2) | 28.9 (26.8–33.5) |
| APACHE II score | 15 (13–18) | 16 (13–18) | 15 (14–19) | 14 (13–16) | 18.5 (17–20) | 16 (13–18) | 14 (11-17.5) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 50.7 (15.8) | NA | NA | 41.1 (3.9) | 41.0 (2.8) | 52.8 (5.3) | 72.9 (15.7) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 (2.1) | NA | NA | 5.6 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.5) | 7.2 (0.7) | 9.9 (2.1) |
| Chronic health conditions: | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (21.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 33 (100.0%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (2.6%) | 1 (1.3%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (9.1%) |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Chronic lung disease | 37 (15.9%) | 5 (6.3%) | 3 (21.4%) | 18 (23.1%) | 1 (50.0%) | 4 (17.4%) | 6 (18.2%) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors: | |||||||
| Hypertension | 79 (34.1%) | 23 (28.7%) | 10 (71.4%) | 16 (20.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (39.1%) | 19 (57.6%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 29 (12.5%) | 4 (5.0%) | 2 (14.3%) | 11 (14.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (13.0%) | 9 (27.3%) |
| Current smoking | 13 (5.6%) | 5 (6.3%) | 2 (14.3%) | 5 (6.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.0%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 18 (7.8%) | 6 (7.5%) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (5.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.3%) | 4 (12.1%) |
| ICU stay characteristics: | |||||||
| Immunosuppressive medication | 16 (6.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (11.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (13.0%) | 2 (6.1%) |
| Length of stay (days) | 14 (8–23) | 16 (8–28) | 11.5 (4–18) | 13 (8–21) | 11 (8–14) | 14 (10–31) | 13 (8–29) |
Data are means +/- SD or count (%) as appropriate for the total population and pre-specified groups. Wave 1 = March 2020 – July 2020; Wave 2 = October 2020 – March 2021). Group 1: wave 1, no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Group 2: wave 1, previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Group 3: wave 2, no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, low HbA1c. Group 4: wave 2, previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, low HbA1c. Group 5: wave 2, no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, high HbA1c. Group 6: wave 2, previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, high HbA1c. In wave 1, no HbA1c was measured. High HbA1c is defined as above 48mmol/mol (6.5%)