Table 3.

Regression results on association between perceived patient and family engagement and patient outcomes^#

	Reduction in prescription opioid consumption			Reduction in pain severity score			Reduction in pain interference score
	coef.	SE	p value	coef.	SE	p value	coef.	SE	p value
Patient engagement	12.7	5.8	.031*	0.24	0.18	0.199	0.24	0.18	0.199
Baseline	0.8	0.0	<.001	0.16	0.09	0.073	0.16	0.09	0.073
Constant	62.0	23.7	.010	1.44	0.99	0.151	1.44	0.99	0.151
Family engagement	8.1	4.2	.055	0.12	0.13	0.367	0.12	0.13	0.367
Baseline	0.8	0.0	<.001	0.16	0.09	0.080	0.16	0.09	0.080
Constant	39.0	15.2	.011	0.87	0.79	0.271	0.87	0.79	0.271

^#Linear regression models regressed each outcome measure on patient engagement or family engagement, adjusted for baseline measure of the outcome (i.e., first measure after surgery). Separate regression models were performed for each pair of patient engagement or family engagement with one of the outcome measures. The coefficients of patient engagement, family engagement, and baseline measure indicate the amout of additional reduction or improvement in the outcome measure associated with a one-point increase in these independent variable. The coefficient of the constant is the level of the reduction when the value of the baseline measure and patient or family enagement were zero.

^*Statistically significant, p<0.05.