Table 2.
Theoretical domains and data sources of ZCTA-level variables investigated as predictors of severe diabetes complications
| Variable names and domains | Data sources |
|---|---|
| Rurality | |
| ZCTAa locale designations | U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics – Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE) Program |
| Healthcare access | |
| Number of primary care physicians per 10,000 population | Florida Healthcare Practitioner Data Portal, American Community Survey (ACS) 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP05) |
| Number of pharmacies per 10,000 population | |
| Food environment | |
| Number of grocery stores or supermarkets per km2 | U.S. Census Bureau 2016 Annual Economic Survey (Table CB1600ZBP), U.S. Census Bureau TIGER/Line Shapefiles |
| Number of convenience stores per km2 | |
| Number of limited service (fast food) restaurants per km2 | |
| Education | |
| Percentage of population 25 years or older with less than a high school education | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table S1501) |
| Employment | |
| Unemployment rate in population 16 years and older | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table S2301) |
| Percentage of males aged 20–64 not participating in the labor force | |
| Housing | |
| Percentage renter-occupied housing units | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP04) |
| Percentage vacant housing units | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP04) |
| Percentage occupied housing units with > 1 occupant per room | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table S2501) |
| Percentage renter- and owner-occupied households where gross rent or selected monthly owner costs are at least 50% of household income | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table B25070 and B25095) |
| Median value of owner-occupied housing units | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP04) |
| Occupation | |
| Percentage of employed males 16 and older with management occupations | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table S2401) |
| Percentage of employed males 16 and over with professional occupations | |
| Percentage of employed females 16 and over with management occupations | |
| Percentage of employed females 16 and over with professional occupations | |
| Poverty | |
| Percent of families with income below poverty level | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table S1702) |
| Percentage of female-headed households with own children under 18 years of age | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table S1101) |
| Percentage of households with annual income of less than $30,000 | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table B19001) |
| Percentage of families with public assistance income or in households receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table B19123) |
| Percentage of occupied households with no vehicles available | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP04) |
| Racial composition | |
| Percentage non-Hispanic Black residents | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP05) |
| Residential stability | |
| Percentage of current residents living in the same house as 1 year ago | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table B07001) |
| Percentage of residents 65 years and older | ACS 2015–2019 5-year estimates (Table DP05) |
aZIP code tabulation area