Table 2.
Association between frequency of breakfast intake during pregnancy and children’s developmental delays at 2 years
| Frequency of breakfast intake | P for trend1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Everyday | 5–6 times/week | 3–4 times/week | 0–2 times/week | |||||
| Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) | ||||||||
| Pre- to early pregnancy | ||||||||
| Case/total (%) | 835/5854 (14.3) | 94/657 (14.3) | 71/430 (16.5) | 105/550 (19.1) | ||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.00 | (0.80–1.26) | 1.19 | (0.91–1.55) | 1.42 | (1.13–1.78) | 0.002 |
| Adjusted2 | 1.00 | 0.95 | (0.75–1.21) | 1.09 | (0.83–1.44) | 1.30 | (1.02–1.66) | 0.04 |
| Early to mid-pregnancy | ||||||||
| Case/total (%) | 873/6161 (14.2) | 92/630 (14.6) | 60/352 (17.1) | 80/348 (23.0) | ||||
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.82–1.31) | 1.25 | (0.94–1.66) | 1.81 | (1.39–2.34) | < 0.0001 |
| Adjusted2 | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.77–1.25) | 1.22 | (0.90–1.65) | 1.75 | (1.32–2.32) | 0.0004 |
1P for trend was calculated as trends across categories
2Multivariable logistic models were adjusted for age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, employment status, educational level, smoking, alcohol intake, morning sickness, insomnia, psychological distress, postnatal bonding disorder, folic acid, intake of cereal, meat, seafood, beans, vegetables, and fruit, child sex, and breastfeeding at 1 year