Table 4.
Association between frequency changes of breakfast intake from pre- to mid-pregnancy and children’s developmental delays
| Changes in frequency of breakfast intake1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With -With | With -Without | Without -With | Without -Without | |
| Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) | ||||
| Children’s developmental delays | ||||
| Age 2 years | ||||
| Case/total (%) | 944/6626 (14.3) | 85/389 (21.9) | 58/366 (15.9) | 18/110 (16.4) |
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.68 (1.31–2.16) | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) | 1.18 (0.70–1.96) |
| Adjusted2 | 1.00 | 1.60 (1.22–2.10) | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | 1.16 (0.69–1.97) |
| Age 3.5 years | ||||
| Case/total (%) | 880/6626 (13.3) | 66/389 (17.0) | 51/366 (13.9) | 10/110 (9.1) |
| Crude | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.01–1.76) | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | 0.65 (0.34–1.26) |
| Adjusted2 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 1.01 (0.74–1.40) | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) |
1Changes in the frequency of breakfast intake from pre-pregnancy to mid-pregnancy were defined four categories as follows;
With–With: women whose responses to the first and second FFQs were “with breakfast intake”.
With–Without: women whose response to the first FFQ was “with breakfast intake” and whose response to the second FFQ was “without breakfast intake”.
Without–With: women whose response to the first FFQ was “without breakfast intake” and whose response to the second FFQ was “with breakfast intake”.
Without–Without: women whose answers to the first and second FFQs were “without breakfast intake”.
2Multivariable logistic models were adjusted for age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, employment status, educational level, smoking, alcohol intake, morning sickness, insomnia, psychological distress, postnatal bonding disorder, folic acid, intake of cereal, meat, seafood, beans, vegetables, and fruit, child sex, and breastfeeding at 1 year