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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 6.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Depress Anxiety. 2023 Aug 2;10(1):1117.

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

Neural circuits in Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and effects of Non-invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation (nVNS). OUD and PTSD share overlapping brain circuits (hence the association of trauma with OUD) including Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC), thalamus and hippocampus (red colored regions in diagram) as well as areas also impacted by nVNS like Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), insula and amygdala. nVNS additionally has effects on Somatosensory Cortex (SC).