Figure 3. Molecular pathways regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation.

A schematic overview of molecular pathways regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation. Endocrine factors including thyroid hormone, glucocorticoid, and vitamin D inhibit cardiomyocyte proliferation. Neural signals from sympathetic nervous system inhibit cardiomyocyte proliferation whereas those from parasympathetic nervous system promote proliferation. Local pathways including paracrine and cell-intrinsic factors have distinct effects on regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation. The image was created with BioRender.com.