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. 2023 Nov 20;17:1238172. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1238172

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Copyright © 2023 Kohn, Cui, Candelaria, Buckingham-Howes, Black and Riggins.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Conceptual model. Emotional caregiving environment will predict episodic memory performance at 14 years (model 1) and hippocampal volumes at both 14 (model 2) and 18 years (model 3). Episodic memory at age 14 will be associated with variations in hippocampal volumes at ages 14 (model 4) and 18 (model 5). These associations will be moderated by biological sex. Moderation analyses only adjusted hippocampal volumes for age and ICV.