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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 6.
Published in final edited form as: Auton Neurosci. 2021 Oct 2;236:102889. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102889

Figure 1: Early and current conceptualizations of the central stress system.

Figure 1:

The diagram on the left depicts the original conception, in which corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the PVN and norepinephrine (NE) in the locus ceruleus (LC) are the major effector chemicals (reproduced from (Sternberg et al., 1992) with permission of the American College of Physicians). The diagram on the right shows the central system stress embedded in the central autonomic network. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) emanates from the PVN. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is the anterior pituitary hormone released by CRH. Across stressors, SAS responses are closely tied to ACTH and AVP responses.