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. 2023 Dec 6;13:138. doi: 10.1186/s13568-023-01649-1

Apple pomace as an alternative substrate for butanol production

Olena Tigunova 1,✉, Viacheslav Bratishko 2, Sergiy Shulga 1
PMCID: PMC10700231  PMID: 38055129

Abstract

Butanol-producing strains Clostridium sp. UCM B-7570 and C. acetobutylicum UCM B-7407 were used for research from “Collection of strains of microorganisms and plant lines for food and agricultural biotechnology” of the Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, glycerol (BASF, Germany) and apple pomace (total moisture 4%) after apple juice production. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using apple pomace by domestic butanol-producing strains of Clostridium sp. UCM B-7570 and C. acetobutylicum UCM B-7407 as a substrate. Producers were cultured on medium with different concentrations of apple pomace, glycerol was used for the inoculation. The presence of ethanol, acetone, and butanol in the culture liquid was determined using a gas chromatograph. It was determined that a significant part of the macrocomponent composition of the extracts can be used in bioconversion by producing strains of the genus Clostridium. It was determined that the highest concentration of butanol (10 g/dm3) was at a concentration of 120 g/dm3 in the extracts. The obtained data showed the possibility of using apple pomace as a substrate in biobutanol technology.

Keywords: Butanol, Strain - producer, Apple pomace, Cultivation, Clostridium

Key points

• The highest butanol concentration (10 g/dm3) was accumulated using apple pomace.

Introduction

Ukraine is one of the leaders in the industrial production of apples on the European market (Viotsekhivskyi et al. 2022). The annual volume of apple production in Ukraine is about 700,000 tons, including 250,000 tons of varietal apples for fresh consumption (Salo 2020). About 75% of the apple harvest is processed annually in Ukraine to obtain juice, cider or puree (Sachko et al. 2020). In the process of processing, a large amount of waste is formed - pulp, skin and seeds, which are called pomace (Martau et al. 2021). It is known [5] that during the production of apple juice waste in the form of pomace is 20–30%, puree − 10–18%, compotes − 30–40% (Golebiewska et al. 2022). Industrial waste (pomace) contains valuable compounds such as soluble sugars, structural carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose), minerals and vitamins. Apple pomace (AP), as animal feed, has low nutritional value due to low protein content, so a significant amount of pomace ends up in landfills (Fidriyanto et al. 2023). There is a technology (Putra et al. 2023) for processing pomace to obtain pectin, polyphenols, enzymes, aromatic compounds, antioxidants, organic acids, biopolymers, and biofuel. Among the above-mentioned products, butanol, as one of the types of biofuel, is particularly promising. Butanol has high energy efficiency, low miscibility with water and hygroscopicity, the possibility of use in internal combustion engines without their modernization and is an alternative to fossil fuels (Bravo-Venegas et al. 2023). The energy capacity of butanol is 30% higher than that of ethanol, in addition, it has a lower saturated vapor pressure, which makes it compatible with gasoline in a wide range of ratios (Robles et al. 2023). Currently, butanol is obtained as a result of industrial oil processing or in the process of microbiological synthesis of solventogenic bacteria of the genus Clostridium using sugar and starch-containing substrates (Segovia-Hernandez et al. 2022). Due to the rapid increase in food prices, it is relevant to study the accumulation of butanol in the process of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation on alternative substrates (production waste), such as wheat straw, rice, barley, corn, rapeseed, wire millet, corn cobs (Guo et al. 2022). AP can also be used as an alternative substrate (Ampese et al. 2023). Pomace contain soluble sugars and structural carbohydrates, which makes them a promising substrate for further research on biobutanol technology (Hernandes et al. 2021). The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using AP as a substrate by domestic butanol-producing strains of Clostridium sp. UCM B-7570 and C. acetobutylicum UCM B-7407.

Materials and methods

Bacterial strain and growth media

Butanol-producing strains UCM B-7570 Clostridium sp. and C. acetobutylicum UCM B-7407 were used for research from “Collection of strains of microorganisms and plant lines for food and agricultural biotechnology” of the Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, glycerol (BASF, Germany) and apple pomace (total moisture 4% was obtained after drying in a stationary fruit dryer) after apple juice production. AP had a paste-like consistency and were obtained from Golden Delicious apples (popular industrial variety of apples in Ukraine and Eastern Europe) using a juicer (Philips, the Netherlands). To obtain juice, ripe apple fruits weighing 100–120 g were selected, without damage by pests or diseases, existing external defects, growths, deformations, yellow in color with a skin of medium thickness, dense, elastic, dry with yellowish pulp, dense, fine-grained, juicy, aromatic, sweet-sour taste. The macrocomponent composition of the AP after obtaining the juice from the fruits was determined according to the method (Tigunova et al. 2020). Pectin was removed by filtration after adding water and sterilization of AP.

As an inoculation medium, the following composition (g/l) was used: glycerol – 20; yeast extract – 1; (NH4)2SO4 – 0.6; (NH4)2HPO4 – 1.6; pH 6.5. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 1 atm. 30 min. The initial concentration of the applied inoculum was 5% by volume. Different amounts of AP were used as an enzymatic medium for cultivation, KH2PO4 – 1.5 г/дм3, MgSO4 × 7H2O – 0.2 г/дм3, FeSO4 × 7H2O – 0.01 г/дм3, (NH4)2SO4 – the concentration depended on the need, to maintain the C:N balance in the medium and tap water. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 0.5 atm. within 30 min.

Cultivation and solvent determination

Cultivation of microorganisms was carried out using a standard differential enhanced clostridial medium (Condalab, Spain) according to the method (Tigunova et al. 2023) in a “Crystal” anaerostat (Germany) in a nitrogen atmosphere. Cultivation was carried out in 500 ml flasks filled with 250 ml medium and hydrochloric acid modules. The flasks were weighed and thermostated at a temperature of 35 ± 10С. After 72 h of cultivation, the cells were sedimented for 10 min using an ultracentrifuge “Labofuge 400R” (Germany) at a speed of 13,000 rpm, and fermentation products were collected from the culture liquid. Biomass was determined by the weight method (Tigunova et al. 2023). The Presence of ethanol, acetone, and butanol in the culture liquid was determined using a gas chromatograph (a flame ionization detector and a packed column 3 m long, phase - Сarbovax 1500 on the chromaton N-A-W-DMSC (0.20–0.25 mm). The temperature of the column was 60 ± 20 C, the evaporator is160 ± 50 C, the ratio of nitrogen-hydrogen-air flows is 1:1:10. The moisture content of raw materials was determined using a RADWAG MA 50/C/1 weight moisture analyzer (Poland).

Statistical analysis

Statistical data processing was carried out using the Microsoft Excel 12.0 program. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The difference between the two means was considered significant р<0,05.

Results

AP macrocomponent composition

AP mainly consists of peel (50%) and pulp (45%), seeds (2–4%) and stem (1%) (Gumul et al. 2023). The composition of the pomace varies depending on the variety of apples and climatic conditions during cultivation, and therefore the accumulation of butanol in the fermentation process changes (Calvete-Torre et al. 2022). We determined the macro-component composition of the AP of Golden Delicious apples after squeezing the juice. The results of the study are presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Macrocomponent composition AP of Golden Delicious. AP had a paste-like consistency and were obtained from Golden Delicious apples using a juicer. The macrocomponent composition of the AP after obtaining the juice from the fruits was determined according to the method (Tigunova et al. 2020)

It was shown that the largest part of AP consisted of sugars − 35%, cellulose − 17% and lignin − 13%. The rest of the components are represented in smaller quantities - starch 8%, lignocellulose 6%, pectin 6%, protein 4%, moisture 4%, ash 3%, wax 2%.

Producer cultivation

For cultivation of producer strains of Clostridium sp. UCM B-7570 and C.acetobutylicum UCM B-7407 AP were used as a complex substrate without prior hydrolysis (Table 1). After fermentation, the strain Clostridium sp. UCM B-7570 accumulated 8 g/dm3 of butanol and 1.3 g/dm3 of ethanol in the culture liquid, while C. acetobutylicum UCM B-7407 accumulated 6 g/dm3 and 0.9 g/dm3, respectively. Acetone and propanediol were present in trace amounts for both strains. The amount of released gases (mixtures of CO2 and H2) was almost the same in both fermentations (3.8 and 3.5 g/dm3, respectively). The conversion of sugars was 85 and 80%, respectively, and the dry residue was 34.15 and 38.6, respectively. The strain Clostridium sp. UCM B-7570, which accumulated the highest amount of target product and had the highest sugar conversion with the lowest dry residue was used in further experiments.

Table 1.

Technological indicators of fermentation of pomace (per 100 g)

Strain Butanol, g/dm3 Ethanol, g/dm3 Releaser gases, g/dm3 Sugar conversion, % Dry residue, g
UCM B-7570 8.00 ± 0.01 1.30 ± 0.01 3.80 ± 0.02 85.00 ± 0.05 34.15 ± 0.03
UCM B-7407 6.00 ± 0.01 0.90 ± 0.01 3.50 ± 0.02 80.00 ± 0.05 38.60 ± 0.03
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Inoculation effect

The amount of inoculum was an important parameter affecting the accumulation of butanol in the culture liquid. Glycerol was used to evenly distribute the concentration of bacteria in the inoculation medium. A study of the effect of the introduced inoculum from the glycerol medium on the accumulation of butanol by the producer-strain UCM B-7570 in the enzymatic medium was carried out (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Effect of inoculum on butanol accumulation. As an inoculation medium was used glycerol medium. The concentration of the inoculum had a significate effect on the accumulation of butanol in the enzymatic medium

As a result of the research, it was shown that the concentration of the inoculum introduced into the seed medium had a significate effect on the accumulation of butanol in the enzymatic medium. With an increase in the inoculum concentration to 15–20% and more, the accumulation of butanol decreased. The optimal concentration of the seed material that was added to the fermentation mixture was determined to be 10%, in this case the highest concentration of butanol was accumulated − 8 g/dm3. Further studies were carried out precisely at this concentration of the inoculum.

In addition to the effect of the concentration of seed material in the accumulation of butanol, the concentration of the available carbon source also plays a key role. The effect of different biomass concentrations of AP in an enzymatic environment on the accumulation of butanol was studied (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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The effect of the AP concentration on the accumulation of butanol. Different amounts of AP were used as an enzymatic medium for cultivation. The accumulation of butanol in the fermentation mixture increased in direct proportion to the increase of the AP concentration to 120 g/dm3, but with a further increase the accumulation of butanol decreased

The obtained data, it can be seen that the accumulation of butanol in the fermentation mixture increased in direct proportion to the increase of the AP concentration from 60 to 120 g/dm3, but with a further increase in the concentration from 140 to 200 g/dm3, the accumulation of butanol decreased. The highest accumulation of butanol (10 g/dm3) was obtained at a concentration of AP of 120 g/dm3 in the enzymatic mixture. From the obtained data, it can be assumed that with an increase in the concentration of the carbon substrate, its bioavailability decreases.

Discussion

Effective waste management is one of the world’s biggest environmental problems. Moreover, there are no signs of this trend slowing down in the near future. The main method of disposal of AP is their transportation to the landfill directly into the soil, but there is also an alternative - the use of pomace in feed and the use of macrocomponents of pomace in technological processes. AP can be used as a complex substrate for microorganisms, which contains many nutrients necessary for their vital activity. The work (Lyu et al. 2020) presents the results of the study of industrial waste in the process of obtaining juice from different varieties of apples. It was shown that the pomace contained 9.0% moisture, 2.27% fat, 2.37% protein, 1.6% ash, 84.7% carbohydrates, 5.6% starch, and 54.2% total sugar, as well as calcium, potassium, and magnesium.

The paper (Jin et al. 2019) shows the possibility of complex use of all (both soluble and insoluble) carbohydrates in AP to obtain butanol. Soluble sugars of AP were extracted with hot water. The lignocellulose-rich residue was pretreated with a dilute acid or alkali solution followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain hydrolyzed sugars (Table 2). Soluble sugars and acid- or alkali-hydrolyzed sugars were combined as a substrate for butanol production by the producer strain C. beijerinckii P260 (Jin et al. 2019).

Table 2.

Accumulation of butanol after hydrolysis

Strains Substrate treatments method Butanol concentration, g/dm3 Link
C.beijerinckii P 260 alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis 7.03 Jin et al. (2019)
acid and enzymatic hydrolysis 7.16 Jin et al. (2019)

 C.beijerinckii

СЕСТ 508

 with surfactants and enzymatic hydrolysis 9.11 Hijosa-Valsero et al. (2017)
enzymatic hydrolysis 10.75 Bravo-Venegas et al. (2023)
 C.beijerinckii NRRL B-466 acid hydrolysis and ultrafiltration 9.3 Maiti et al. (2016)

 C. beijerinckii

ВА 101

 mixtures with other agro-industrial waste 9.2 Jesse et al. (2002)
 C.beijerinckii NRRL B-592 hydration 8.52 Voget et al. (1985)
 C.beijerinckii NRRL B-593 hydration 8.32 Voget et al. (1985)
 C.acetobutylicum NRRL B-596 hydration 7.41 Voget et al. (1985)
 C.acetobutylicum UCM B-7407 hydration 6.0 This work
Clostridium sp. UCM В-7570 hydration 10.0 This work
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Other authors (Voget et al. 1985) used only soluble sugars of pomace for butanol production. In the work (Hijosa-Valsero et al. 2017), the authors applied various types of pretreatment (autohydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, hydrolysis with organic solvents and surfactants) of pomace with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis to split structural carbohydrates into hydrolyzed sugars and obtain butanol.

The macrocomponent composition of the apple juice of the Golden Delicious variety determined by us (Fig. 1) differed from the macrocomponent composition of the Papirovka variety apples, which is given in the previous work of the authors (Tigunova and Shulga 2021), where the percentage of sugar was 39.2; cellulose – 16.6; lignin – 12.8; ash − 2.6; moisture – 4.2; pectin − 11.9; protein − 4.5; wax − 1.7; lignocellulose − 6.5.

The obtained results make it possible to conclude that most of the AP components can be used by producer strains of the genus Clostridium in bioconversion without prior hydrolysis. The exceptions were lignin and wax, which were not fermented, and pectin, fiber, and hemicelluloses, which were only partially fermented. After extraction, pectin can be used in food industry products (Borujeni et al. 2023; Luo et al. 2023; Naqash et al. 2021; Giron-Hernandez et al. 2023).

The possibility of conversion by strains UCM B-7570 and UCM B-7407 is shown as a result of the study of an alternative substrate (AP) without hydrolysis of the macrocomponents of pomace with the production of butanol. The macrocomponent composition of the substrate showed that most of it can be used by microorganisms to accumulate the target product - butanol. It was shown that the producer strain UCM B-7570 converted a higher percentage of sugars of AP during cultivation. It was determined that the highest concentration of butanol (10 g/dm3) was accumulated when adding 10% inoculum and at a concentration of 120 g/dm3 of the substrate. The obtained data show the possibility of using AP as an alternative substrate in biobutanol technology.

Author Contributions

OT and SS conceived and designed research. OT conducted experiments. VB contributed new reagents or analytical tools. OT and SS analyzed data. OT and SS wrote the draft. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Funding

This study was conducted within project funded by National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine № 0120U101706 and project funded by Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine № 0120U102083. This work also was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in the project “Cavitation processing of lignocelluloses raw materials in the production of second-generation biofuels” (financed by the European Union’s external aid instrument to fulfill Ukraine’s commitments in the European Union’s Framework Program for Scientific Research and Innovation “Horizon 2020”).

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Declarations

Ethical approval

This article does not contain studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests. Authors declare no financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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