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. 2023 Dec 6;14:8087. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43792-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic illustrations of operando oxygen anchoring and reserving strategy. b XRD Rietveld refinement for uncycled L-NCM. c HR-TEM (scale bars, 5 nm) and elemental mapping images (scale bars, 50 nm) for uncycled L-NCM. d HAADF-STEM image for uncycled L-NCM. Scale bars, 1 nm. e EPR profile at uncharged state. f, g In situ DEMS data for P-NCM (f) and L-NCM (g) during 1^st charge cycle under 2.7–4.5 V. h s-XAS spectra of Ni L₃-edge at 4.5 V in 1st charged state. i, j In situ HT-XRD patterns for delithiated P-NCM (i) and L-NCM (j) cathodes at 4.5 V in the temperature range of 25–600 °C. k Phase transformation temperature. l Evolutions of normalized c-axis upon heating.