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. 2023 Dec 6;13:21522. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48811-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spinally evoked motor recruitment curves in eight participants with cervical spinal cord injury during TSS above and below the lesion for left and right limbs for all participants. Both left and right upper-limb muscle responses elicited during cervical TSS with an electrode placed between the spinous process of C3–C4 (above lesion) and C7–T1 (below lesion) vertebrae are shown for all participants. The intensity of stimulation was adjusted based on the maximum tolerated intensity of the participant, which ranged from 10 to 150 mA. AIS American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale, TSS transcutaneous spinal stimulation, BIC biceps brachii, TRIC: triceps brachii, FCR flexor carpi radialis, ECR extensor carpi radialis, FDI first dorsal interosseous, APB abductor pollicis brevis muscles.