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. 2023 Dec 6;13:21522. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48811-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Motor recruitment curves obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered over the left and right motor cortex in participants with cervical spinal cord injury who classified as AIS A and B. (A) Both left and right upper-limb muscle responses elicited with TMS over the left and right motor cortex are shown for all participants who classified as AIS A and B. (B) The evoked responses in left hand muscles (FDI and APB) during TMS of the left (P06) and right hemisphere (P05 and P07) and cervical TSS delivered at the C7–T1 vertebral level (i.e., below the lesion) in participants who showed the hand muscle responses during TSS. TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation, TSS transcutaneous spinal stimulation, BIC biceps brachii, TRIC triceps brachii, FCR flexor carpi radialis, ECR extensor carpi radialis, FDI first dorsal interosseous, APB abductor pollicis brevis muscles.