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. 2023 Dec 6;13:21510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48035-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Diagram of predicted recombination event resulting in an emm gene switch between an emm12/ST36 recipient and an emm82 emm gene donor strain. This genomic region is depicted from the emm12/ST36 strain with closest genetic relatedness to the emm82/ST36 cluster (isolate 20,197,993 shown in Fig. 2). The blue open reading frames are from the emm12 recipient that carries an inactive sof12 structural gene due to a single deleted base at position 2145 relative to the 14 emm82 progeny strains resulting in the truncated sof12’ and sof12″ open reading frames. Predicted crossover points within isp and htp resulted in the replacement of this entire 17.7 kb isp-htp pattern A-C emm12 region to a pattern E emm82 region. This double crossover event resulted in the transfer of emm-like genes (mrp82 and enn82) and fibronectin binding protein gene fbpA from the genetic donor (region from emm82/ST334 strain 20,154,608 depicted in donor strain) to replace emm12 and drs (distantly related sic gene) within the ST36 background. In addition, the disrupted sof12, highly conserved within the emm12/ST36 background, was converted to an active sof12 in the progeny due to the insertion of a single base at position 2145. The initial progeny (2 strains) carry the enn82 gene which is absent within the remaining 14 progeny strains. This deletion event is predicted to have occurred through recombination between the near-identical emm82 and enn82 3’ regions. The light gray crosses between sof and sfbX open reading frames depict conserved fibronectin-repeat and wall attachment motif regions. Similarly, light regions connecting emm and enn-like genes depict conserved 5’ and 3’ regions. (b) Same predicted recombination event as in Fig. 1a, employing emm82/ST314 strain PHE25159³⁷, which of available potential donor type emm82 strain genome sequences, has the highest flanking sequence homology to the progeny flanking the double crossover points. Numbers above and below depict percent identities over areas shown of the progeny to recipient and donor, respectively.