Table 2.
Recombinant vaccines produced in different plant systems.
| Name | Function | Host | Expression | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B Core Antigen (HBc) | Assembles into capsid particles, inducing immune response | N. benthamiana | 2.38 g/kg FLW | (Huang et al., 2006) |
| Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) | Triggers induction of anti-HBs antibodies in humans following 2-3 doses | Lactuca sativa L. (transgenic lettuce), transformed with A. tumefaciens | >15 ng/g FLW (.0015mg/kg) | (Kapusta et al., 2001) |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein (RSV-F) |
Induction of Th-1 type response | Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum |
1.0 - 32.5 µg/g FFW | (Sandhu et al., 2000) |
| Binding subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin in E coli (LT-B) | Triggers immune response and adds mucosal protection to intestine | Transgenic corn | Up to 10 mg/g (10 g/kg) in corn germ | (Tacket et al., 2004) |
| Rotavirus Capsid Protein (VP6) | Generates anti-VP6 Serum IgG and intestinal IgA antibodies; stimulates humoral and mucosal antibody production | Potato Solanum tuberosum |
0.01% of TSP | (Yu and Langridge, 2003) |
| σC protein of avian reovirus, with strong promoter | Th-driven immune response | Arabidopsis thaliana | 4.9% total soluble protein | (Wu et al., 2009) |
| Zika Virus Envelope Protein (ZIKV E) | Elicits cellular immune response and potent zE-specific antibody response | N. benthamiana | 160 μg/g FW | (Yang et al., 2018) |
| Surface hemagglutinin in HAC1 influenza | Elicits HAI antibody response following 2 dosages, improved by presence of Alhydrogel (rabbits and mice) | N. benthamiana | 90 mg/kg plant biomass | (Shoji et al., 2011) |
| Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Subunit (CSFV - E2) | E2-specific antibody response | N. benthamiana | 150 mg/kg plant biomass | (Park et al., 2020) |
| Pfs25 fused to ALfalfa mosaic virus coat for malaria vaccine | Production of serum antibodies that block malaria activity through binding of Pfs25 | N. benthamiana | 50 mg/kg | (Jones et al., 2013) |
| VHH nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | Production of single domain camel derived antibodies that bind CoV-2 spike protein | N. tabacum (suspension culture) | 16.6 mg/mL solution (suspension culture) | (Shen et al., 2023) |
| Recombinant ESAT-6 + MPT-64 (tuberculosis antigens) | Recombinant protein fused by CTB subunit, used to promote polyclonal antibodies in rabbits | Transgenic cucumber | 478 ng/g (0.03% v/v) TSP |
((Yadav et al., 2023) |
| Human papillomavirus L1 protein under pentatricopeptide repeat target site | HPV-L1 triggers immune response; PPR protein drives expression by binding PPR sequence of mRNA to promote translation | N. Tabacum | 0.03% TSP | (Legen et al., 2023) |
| Hepatitus E capsid protein containing M2e peptide of influenza A or receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | When expressed in plants, HEV Capsid protein assembles into virus-like particles that can be used as carriers of antigens (such as M2e) | N Benthamiana | M2e: 300-400 ug/g of fresh leaf tissue (10% TSP) SARS-CoV-2: 80-100 ug/g of fresh leaf tissue (1-2% TSP) |
(Mardanova et al., 2022) |
| Chicken interleukin 17B | Immunoadjuvant for vaccine against chicken infectious bronchitis virus; enhances humoral and mucosal immune responses |
L. minor ZH04043 (Duckweed) |
1.89 ug/g FW, 0.0365% TSP |
(Tan et al., 2022) |
| Colorectal carcinoma associated antigen (GA733-2) | Fruit used as vaccine, containing antigen that triggers immune response as well as intrinsic vitamins that help activate the immune system | S. lycopersicum (Tomato) | 270 ng/g FW | (Park et al., 2022) |