Table 1.

An overview of the microbial diversity in different indoor environments (2017-2023).

S. No.	Type of Indoor Environment/Region	Source/Sample	Microbial diversity	References
1	Primary Schools; Malta	Settled dust was collected using a vacuum, airborne dust collected using electrostatic dust fall collectors, and the floor dust was collected using ALK adaptors and filter cassettes fitted to vacuum cleaners	Bacteria: Mycobacterium, Streptomyces Fungi: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium herbarum, Trichoderma viride, and a larger fungal group comprising Penicillium/Aspergillus/Paecilomyces spp.	(137)
2	Healthcare facilities; Liguria, Veneto, Tuscany, Campania, Lazio, Apulia, Sardinia, and Sicily; Italy	Air sample by active sampling using Surface Air System and Coriolis®μ, and passive sampling by settle plate method	Selective detection of Legionella spp. including L. pneumophila	(138)
3	Wolatia Sodo University Teaching and Referral hospital; Ethiopia	Air sample by active sampling using a six-stage Anderson cascade impactor	Selective isolation of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	(139)
4	Hospital; Islamabad, Pakistan	Air samples using personal air samplers	Bacteria: Aerococcus viridans, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Kocuria kristinae, K. rhizophila, K. rosia, Kytococcus sedantarius, Micrococcus luteus, M. terreus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Staphylococcus aureus, S. cohnii S. haemolyticus Fungi: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Ulocladium chartarum	(140)
5	Office Building; Gliwice, Poland	Air sample using a six-stage Anderson cascade impactor	Bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecium, Gemella haemolysans, Janibacter anophelis/hoylei, Macrococcus brunensis, M. equipercicus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus xylosus	(141)
6	Duke University hospital; Durham, North Carolina, United States	Air sample using NIOSH BC 251 personal aerosol sampler	Viruses: influenza A, influenza D, and adenovirus	(142)
7	Glasshouses in a botanical garden; Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland	Air sample using a six-stage Anderson cascade impactor	Bacteria: Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Curtobacterium, Exiguobacterium, Kocuria, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Solibacillus Fungi: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizomucor, Rhodotorula, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma	(143)
8	University hospitals, super tertiary care hospitals, regional/general (tertiary care) hospitals, and national infectious disease institute; Central Thailand	Air sample using a liquid impinger system	Selective detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis	(144)
9	Historical museum; Egypt	Active air sampling using volumetric Andersen 2-stage impactor and gravimetric air sample by settle plate method; dry deposited dust collected using a dust collector	Fungi: Alternaria, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Eurotium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Stachybotarys, Ulocladium	(145)
10	Public schools; Helsinki, and Vantaa, Finland	Filter and settled dust sample, Air sample using RCS® High flow touch microbial air sampler, and endotoxin samples from floors using a vacuum cleaner	Fungi: Aspergillus westerdijkiae, A. versicolor, A. flavus, Chaetomium globosum, Dichotomophilus, Fusarium, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. commune, P. expansum, Rhizopus oryzae, Trichoderma atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. longibrachiatum, T. trixiae	(146)
11	Healthcare and care facilities; Nancy, and Rennes, France	Air sample using cyclonic liquid air sampler, Coriolis® μ	Bacteria: Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, Kocuria, Micrococcus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus hominis, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. chromogenes, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Fungi: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Eurotium, Penicillium, Rhodotorula	(147)
12	Homes; Cincinnati, Ohio, United States	Floor dust samples using vacuum cleaners	Bacteria: Acinetobacter lwoffii, Alkanindiges illinoisensis, Coprococcus eutactus, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Dialister invisus, Lactococcus, Massilia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Fungi: Acrimonium fusidioides, A. illinoisensis, Candida parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Epicoccum nigrum, Toxicladosporium irritans, Plectosphaerella oratosquillae, Phaeosphaeria podocarpi, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	(148)
13	Three major hospitals; Kuwait	Aerosol sample using a specialized sampler	Bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae Viruses: SARS CoV-2 virus, non-SARS-coronavirus strains HKU1 and NL-63, respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus, human rhinoviruses, human enteroviruses, influenza B virus	(149)
14	Detached house, townhouse, and apartment; Greater Copenhagen, Denmark	Inhalable air fraction collected using Gesamtstaubprobenahme (GSP) conical inhalable samplers, and PM1 fraction collected using Triplex cyclones.	Fungi: Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus. fumigatus, A. glaucus, A. niger, A. versicolor, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. sphaerospermum, Penicillium chartarum, P. expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma viride, Ulocladium chartarum, Wallemia sebi	(150)
15	University buildings; Johannesburg, South Africa	HVAC-filtered dust and floor dust samples collected using sterile swabs	Bacteria: Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium, Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Mesorhizobium, Mycobacterium, Paenochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus	(151)
16	Various hospital wards; Ardabil, Iran	Air sample using an impinger	Specific detection of SARS CoV-2 virus	(152)
17	Gyms; Ardabadil city, Iran	Air sample using the Anderson single-step sampler	Bacteria: E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus	(153)
18	Maputo central hospital and microbiology laboratory of the University of Eduardo Mondlane faculty of medicine; Mozambique	Air sample using passive method and surface swab samples	Bacteria: Acinetobacter baumanii, Bacillus sp., Burkholderia cepacia, Citrobacter koseri, C. braakii, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Cronobacter, Enterobacter amnigenus, E. cloaceae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Moellerella wisconsensis, Moraxella lacunata, Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas luteola, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Serratia odorifera, S. ficaria, S. plymuthica, S. rubidaea Fungi: Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium verticillioides, Mucor sp., Paecilomyces variotii, Rhizopus	(154)
19	Shopping Malls; Xiamen, China	Floor and escalator surface swab samples	Bacteria: Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterobacter asburiae, E. cloacae, Erwinia, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pantoea dispersa, Staphylococcus aureus Fungi: Seasonal variations observed in fungal community composition with Eurotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Wallemiomycetes dominating the summer samples and Tremellomycetes, Agaricomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Dothidiomycetes dominating the spring samples	(155)
20	Subway stations; Busan, South Korea; Boston, United States; Mexico City, Mexico; Moscow, Russia	Surface swab samples	Bacteria: Brevundimonas, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium, Deinococcus, Dietzia, Janibacter, Kocuria, Lawsonella, Leuconostoc, Methylobacterium, Micrococcus, Rothia, Streptococcus, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas	(156)