Table 1.
Characteristics of included patients.
| Characteristic | Finding (N = 242) |
|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 66.9 (9.5) |
| Age ≥65 years | 151 (63.7) |
| Female sex | 24 (10.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Black/African American | 133 (56.1) |
| White/Caucasian | 84 (35.4) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 18 (7.6) |
| Other | 2 (0.8) |
| Diabetes duration | |
| <5 years | 29 (12.4) |
| 6–10 years | 57 (24.4) |
| 11–20 years | 70 (29.9) |
| >20 years | 78 (33.3) |
| Metformin use | 143 (59.1) |
| Sulfonylurea use | 97 (40.1) |
| Meglitinide use | 6 (2.5) |
| Insulin use, any type | 155 (64.1) |
| Rapid acting insulin use | 83 (34.3) |
| Thiazolidinedione use | 6 (2.5) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor use | 33 (13.6) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist use | 22 (9.1) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor use | 6 (2.5) |
| Number of diabetes medications, mean (SD) | 2.3 (0.9) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), %a | 8.2 (1.9) |
| Hemoglobin A1c categorya | |
| <7.0% | 56 (23.1) |
| 7.0–7.9% | 70 (28.9) |
| 8.0–8.9% | 49 (20.3) |
| ≥9.0% | 58 (24.0) |
| Missing | 9 (3.7) |
| Days between HbA1c test and visit, mean (SD) | 84.6 (81.5) |
| Less than 90 days between HbA1c test and visit | 134 (57.5) |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 105 (43.4) |
| Chronic kidney diseaseb | 100 (41.3) |
| Charlson comorbidity indexb | |
| 1–2 (low comorbidity) | 43 (17.8) |
| 3–4 (moderate comorbidity) | 90 (37.2) |
| ≥4 (severe comorbidity) | 109 (45.0) |
| Yearly family income | |
| <$20,000 | 65 (26.9) |
| $20,000–$60,000 | 85 (35.1) |
| $60,000–$100,000 | 34 (14.1) |
| ≥$100,000 | 10 (4.1) |
| Missing | 48 (19.8) |
| Highest level of education | |
| Did not complete high school | 10 (4.1) |
| High school diploma or GED | 83 (34.3) |
| Associate degree or 2-year college | 88 (36.4) |
| Bachelors or 4-year college | 30 (12.4) |
| Graduate or professional degree | 23 (9.5) |
| Missing | 8 (3.3) |
| PCP manages most of diabetes care | 207 (89.6) |
a
Most recent HbA1c prior to the visit date within 12 months.
b
Based on diagnosis codes within 12 months prior to the visit date.