Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patient Cohort.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 3778) | Telemedicine only (n = 1182) | In-person only (n = 1049) | Mixed follow-up (n = 1547) | P valuea | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.3 (12.7) | 57.4 (12.9) | 63.0 (12.2) | 60.7 (12.5) | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 2201 (58) | 743 (63) | 577 (55) | 881 (57) | <.001 |
| Male | 1577 (42) | 439 (37) | 472 (45) | 666 (43) | |
| Race | |||||
| Asian | 81 (2) | 23 (2) | 14 (1) | 44 (3) | <.001 |
| Black | 300 (8) | 114 (10) | 77 (7) | 109 (7) | |
| White | 3332 (88) | 1024 (87) | 944 (90) | 1364 (88) | |
| Other or missingb | 65 (1) | 21 (2) | 14 (1) | 30 (2) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 66 (2) | 18 (2) | 5 (0) | 43 (3) | <.001 |
| Not specified or missing | 158 (4) | 63 (5) | 45 (4) | 50 (3) | |
| SDI Score, mean (SD) | 40.5 (23.9) | 38.3 (25.3) | 41.4 (22.0) | 41.7 (23.9) | <.001 |
| RUCA | |||||
| Urban | 2645 (70) | 926 (78) | 669 (64) | 1050 (68) | <.001 |
| Suburban | 836 (22) | 204 (17) | 260 (25) | 372 (24) | |
| Rural | 297 (8) | 52 (4) | 120 (11) | 125 (8) | |
| HbA1c, mean (SD)% | 7.6 (1.7) | 7.6 (1.8) | 7.4 (1.6) | 7.7 (1.7) | <.001 |
| Insulin | |||||
| No insulin | 1476 (39) | 528 (45) | 435 (41) | 513 (33) | <.001 |
| Basal only | 652 (17) | 199 (17) | 180 (17) | 273 (18) | |
| MDI | 1650 (44) | 455 (38) | 434 (41) | 761 (49) | |
| No. of noninsulin medications, mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | .05 |
| Body mass indexc | |||||
| 18.5-24.9 | 196 (5) | 53 (4) | 69 (7) | 74 (5) | <.001 |
| 25-29.9 | 639 (17) | 169 (14) | 228 (22) | 242 (16) | |
| 30-34.9 | 880 (23) | 211 (18) | 291 (28) | 378 (24) | |
| 35-39.9 | 688 (18) | 207 (18) | 198 (19) | 283 (18) | |
| >40 | 770 (20) | 247 (21) | 195 (19) | 328 (21) | |
| Missing | 605 (16) | 295 (25) | 68 (6) | 242 (16) | |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| Cardiovascular | 1393 (37) | 401 (34) | 418 (40) | 574 (37) | .02 |
| Psychological | 1246 (33) | 454 (38) | 277 (26) | 515 (33) | <.001 |
| Appointments per 12 mo, mean (SD), No. | 2.6 (1.0) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.5 (1.1) | 2.9 (0.9) | <.001 |
| No. of follow-up HbA1c test results per 12 mo, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.8) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MDI, multiple daily injections; RUCA, rural-urban commuting area; SDI, social deprivation index.
SI conversion factor: to convert to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
For continuous variables, Kruskal-Wallis test was used; for categorical variables, χ2 test was used.
b
Other includes Indigenous American, Alaska Native, Samoan, Other Pacific Islanders, and those who indicated their race was unknown, not specified, declined to answer, or for whom race data was missing.
c
Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.