Table 2. Hazard Ratios, 95% CIs, and P values From Age-, and Sex-Stratified Cox Proportional Hazard Models^a.

Variable	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	P value
ADIb	1.01 (1.00-1.01)	<.001
DIc	1.19 (0.79-1.80)	.4
Low educational statusd	1.40 (1.14-1.73)	.001
Low incomee	1.57 (1.36-1.81)	<.001
Zip code in povertyf	1.21 (1.02-1.44)	.03
Health Professional Shortage Area categoryg	0.94 (0.81-1.07)	.36
Absence of health insuranceh	1.79 (1.39-2.31)	<.001
Rurali	0.94 (0.73-1.23)	.66
Poor public health infrastructurej	1.16 (1.00-1.33)	.05
Proportion of participants with no social visitsk	1.19 (0.90-1.56)	.22

Abbreviations: ADI, Area Deprivation Index; DI, Dissimilarity Index; RUCA, rural-urban commuting area codes; UA, urban area; UC, urban center.

^a Uses imputed values based on multiple imputation.

^b The ADI is a continuous, multivariable measure of census block group disadvantage in national percentile rankings (ranging from 1 to 100), where 1 is lowest ADI representing most disadvantaged census block groups nationally, and 100 represents the highest ADI, representing least disadvantaged census block groups nationally.

^c DI is a measure of residential racial segregation at the state level from 2000 Census ranging from 0 to 1, defined as the population of Black residents that need to change counties to have an equal proportion of White and Black residents in each county. DI = 0 implies fully Black-White integrated counties (ie, no proportion of Black residents in the county would have to exchange geographic locations with White residents to achieve equal county-level distribution), whereas DI = 1 suggests full segregation.

^d Low educational status defined as participant has less than high school education vs greater than high school education.

^e Low income defined as participant’s annual income $35 000 or less vs more than $35 000.

^f Zip code in poverty defined as zip code where greater than 25% of residents’ income in that zip code is below the Federal Poverty Level.

^g Defined as whether participant resides in county defined by the health resources and services administration as having health professional shortage.

^h Defined as participants without health insurance defined as having neither full nor partial health insurance.

ⁱ Defined by RUCA from 2000 US Census. Rural defined as RUCA greater than or equal to 9 (where RUCA 9 = small town low community: primary flow 10% to 30% to a small UC; RUCA 10 = rural areas; primary flow to a tract outside a UA or UC).

^j Defined as states in lowest quintiles in at least 80% of decade prior to the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study enrollment as per America’s Health Ranking.

^k Defined as participants do not have social visits (ie, see family nor friends) at least once per month.