Table 2.
Multivariable analysis of factors associated with atopic diseases.
| Variables | Asthma | Allergic rhinitis | Atopic dermatitis | Urticaria | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Gestational hypertension | 1.12 | 1.02–1.23 | 0.019 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.10 | 0.55 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.21 | 0.041 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.15 | 0.73 |
| Maternal age | ||||||||||||
| <25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 25–29 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.20 | 0.64 | 1.23 | 1.10–1.38 | 0.000 | 1.12 | 0.96–1.30 | 0.14 | 0.95 | 0.80–1.13 | 0.56 |
| 30–34 | 0.96 | 0.83–1.11 | 0.60 | 1.22 | 1.09–1.36 | 0.000 | 1.13 | 0.98–1.31 | 0.10 | 0.98 | 0.83–1.16 | 0.83 |
| ≥35 | 0.90 | 0.78–1.05 | 0.17 | 1.15 | 1.03–1.29 | 0.016 | 0.96 | 0.83–1.12 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 0.73–1.04 | 0.14 |
| Family income | ||||||||||||
| $≤18,780 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| $18,781–27,600 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 | 0.37 | 0.97 | 0.90–1.04 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.78–0.95 | 0.004 | 0.92 | 0.81–1.04 | 0.17 |
| $27,601–42,000 | 1.17 | 1.04–1.31 | 0.007 | 1.03 | 0.95–1.12 | 0.42 | 0.92 | 0.83–1.03 | 0.13 | 0.98 | 0.86–1.12 | 0.81 |
| $>42,000 | 1.19 | 1.05–1.34 | 0.006 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.04 | 0.18 | 0.79 | 0.68–0.92 | 0.003 |
| Urbanization | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Suburban | 1.00 | 0.89–1.12 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 0.94–1.11 | 0.67 | 0.89 | 0.80–1.00 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.86–1.14 | 0.85 |
| Rural | 0.97 | 0.88–1.06 | 0.44 | 0.90 | 0.85–0.96 | 0.002 | 0.86 | 0.78–0.93 | 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.02 | 0.12 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
| Vaginal delivery | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Cesarean section | 1.14 | 1.05–1.23 | 0.001 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.18 | 0.000 | 1.06 | 0.98–1.14 | 0.17 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.14 | 0.48 |
| Maternal comorbidity | ||||||||||||
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.16 | 0.94–1.44 | 0.16 | 0.91 | 0.76–1.07 | 0.25 | 1.08 | 0.88–1.33 | 0.47 | 0.98 | 0.74–1.30 | 0.89 |
| asthma | 1.27 | 1.08–1.49 | 0.003 | 1.18 | 1.04–1.33 | 0.010 | 1.11 | 0.95–1.31 | 0.20 | 1.06 | 0.86–1.31 | 0.60 |
| allergic rhinitis | 1.27 | 1.17–1.38 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 1.26–1.42 | <0.001 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.09 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.91–1.11 | 0.99 |
| atopic dermatitis | 0.99 | 0.82–1.20 | 0.93 | 1.03 | 0.90–1.18 | 0.65 | 1.41 | 1.21–1.65 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.16 | 0.48 |
| urticaria | 1.13 | 1.04–1.23 | 0.006 | 1.08 | 1.02–1.16 | 0.013 | 1.20 | 1.11–1.30 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.30–1.59 | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy-related complication | ||||||||||||
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 | 0.25 | 1.11 | 0.92–1.35 | 0.28 | 1.05 | 0.81–1.35 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.43–0.98 | 0.037 |
| Gestational diabetes | 0.97 | 0.79–1.20 | 0.79 | 0.91 | 0.78–1.07 | 0.26 | 1.02 | 0.83–1.25 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.70–1.21 | 0.55 |
| Neonatal Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Male | 1.33 | 1.23–1.43 | <0.001 | 1.28 | 1.21–1.35 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 0.99–1.15 | 0.08 | 1.11 | 1.02–1.22 | 0.02 |
| Number of babies | ||||||||||||
| Singleton | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Multiple | 0.81 | 0.64–1.03 | 0.080 | 0.95 | 0.80–1.12 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.77–1.22 | 0.78 | 0.65 | 0.47–0.92 | 0.014 |
| Gestational age | ||||||||||||
| >37 wks | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 34–36 + 6 wks | 1.03 | 0.89–1.19 | 0.69 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.08 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.73–0.98 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.80–1.15 | 0.62 |
| 28–33 + 6 wks | 1.04 | 0.69–1.56 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.70–1.36 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.64–1.55 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.32–1.02 | 0.06 |
| <28 wks | 1.50 | 0.79–2.86 | 0.21 | 1.03 | 0.59–1.79 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.37–1.80 | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0.08–1.03 | 0.06 |
| Birth body weight | ||||||||||||
| >2,500 g | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 1,500 g–2,500 g (LBW) | 1.22 | 1.06–1.39 | 0.005 | 1.06 | 0.96–1.18 | 0.27 | 1.09 | 0.95–1.26 | 0.22 | 1.05 | 0.88–1.26 | 0.57 |
| <1,500 g (VLBW) | 1.30 | 0.97–1.75 | 0.09 | 1.12 | 0.89–1.42 | 0.33 | 1.06 | 0.76–1.47 | 0.74 | 1.79 | 1.26–2.55 | 0.001 |
| <1,000 g (ELBW) | 1.78 | 0.78–4.08 | 0.17 | 1.10 | 0.52–2.32 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 0.22–2.08 | 0.50 | 1.51 | 0.26–8.99 | 0.65 |