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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2023 Oct 10;181:108258. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108258

Table 2.

Association between daily mean air temperature, air pollutants and all-cause mortality in the warm season: % change in mortality, and 95% confidence intervals, at the specified increment of the exposure. Meta-analytical results of the main model and of the sensitivity analyses*.

Exposure Increment (percentiles) Model N. cities % change 95 % CI
Air temperature 75th-99th Main model 620 8.89 7.12 10.68
Adj. lag 0–1 PM10 372 8.56 6.99 10.16
Adj. lag 0 PM2.5 486 8.00 6.16 9.88
Adj. lag 0–1 O3 386 8.76 6.28 11.29
Adj. lag 0–1 NO2 411 8.87 7.25 10.51
Warm season as 3 months 620 9.02 7.07 11.01
Time trends 2 d.f./year 620 8.79 7.03 10.59
Time trends 6 d.f./year 620 8.59 6.86 10.35
Lag 0–3 620 8.66 6.59 10.76
Lag 0–10 620 5.84 4.01 7.70
50th-99th 50th pct as reference 620 10.65 8.30 13.05
PM10 10 μg/m3 Main model 372 0.41 0.28 0.53
Warm season as 3 months 369 0.52 0.29 0.74
Time trends 2 d.f./year 372 0.40 0.25 0.55
Time trends 6 d.f./year 372 0.41 0.28 0.54
Lag 0–3 369 0.25 0.13 0.37
PM2.5 10 μg/m3 Main model 486 0.61 0.40 0.82
Warm season as 3 months 482 0.58 0.31 0.85
Time trends 2 d.f./year 486 0.64 0.43 0.86
Time trends 6 d.f./year 486 0.55 0.34 0.77
Lag 0–3 389 0.34 0.05 0.62
O3 10 μg/m3 Main model 386 0.26 0.15 0.36
Warm season as 3 months 386 0.23 0.11 0.35
Time trends 2 d.f./year 386 0.21 0.09 0.33
Time trends 6 d.f./year 386 0.26 0.15 0.37
Lag 0–3 386 0.26 0.14 0.39
NO2 10 μg/m3 Main model 411 0.57 0.38 0.77
Warm season as 3 months 411 0.54 0.37 0.70
Time trends 2 d.f./year 411 0.52 0.32 0.73
Time trends 6 d.f./year 411 0.57 0.38 0.76
Lag 0–3 411 0.54 0.32 0.75
*

“Main model”: exposure modelled with a natural spline with 4 d.f. (air temperature) or a linear term (air pollutants) at lag 0–1, warm season defined as the 6 consecutive warmest months; “Adj. poll”: model adjusted for the specified air pollutant (at the specified lag), with a linear term; “Warm season as 3 months”: warm season defined as the 3 consecutive warmest months; “time trends 2.d.f./year”: time trend modelled with 2 d.f./year instead of 4; “time trends 6.d.f./year”: time trend modelled with 6 d.f./year instead of 4; “lag 0–3”: exposure modelled with a lag 0–3 term (instead of lag 0–1); “lag 0–10”: air temperature modelled with a lag 0–10 term (instead of lag 0-.