Table 1.

The differential features of organoid and PDX models

Characteristics	Organoids	PDX model
Model type	Ex vivo	in vivo
Patient recapitulation	Yes	Yes
Stability through passage	Yes	Yes
Tumour microenvironment	Rare, few or none	Yes (from host)
Maintenance of immune response	No	No
Methods to recapitulate immune response	Coculture with immune-related cells	Introduce humanized immune system
Scalability	High	Medium
Establishment time	Relatively fast, ~weeks	Generally slow, ~months
Cost	Relatively low	High
Current applications	Preclinical study, translational research, personalized drug screening, etc.	Preclinical study, translational research, personalized drug screening, etc.