Table 2.

Organoid culture and application in EC

Reference	Sample source	Tissue type	Sample number	Success rate of transplantation	Evaluation
[30]	EAC	Surgical resections	32	10/32 (31.25%)	H&E, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, whole-exome sequencing, therapy response evaluation
[27]	ESCC	Endoscopic biopsies	16	11/16 (68.75%)	H&E, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, therapy response evaluation and resistance mechanism exploration
[29]	CRC and GI cancers	Endoscopic biopsies and needle biopsies	110	70%	H&E, immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, therapy response evaluation
[31]	EAC	Endoscopic biopsies	28	16/28 (57.2%)	H&E, immunohistochemistry, short tandem repeat analysis, whole-exome sequencing,