Table 4.

Organoid culture and application in GC

Reference	Sample source	Tissue type	Sample number	Success rate of transplantation	Evaluation
[41]	GC	Surgical resections and endoscopic biopsies	15	14/15 (93.3%)	H&E, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, whole-exome sequencing, next-generation sequencing, therapy response evaluation
[40]	GC	Malignant ascites	12	11/12 (91.7%)	H&E, immunohistochemistry, whole-exome sequencing, therapy response evaluation
[46]	GC	NA	63	> 90%	H&E, immunohistochemistry, whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome analysis, therapy response evaluation
[53]	GEP-NEN	Fresh clinical samples	16 GEP-NET and 22 NEC lines	NA	H&E, immunohistochemistry, whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome analysis

[i]GC: gastric cancer; GEJ: gastroesophageal junction; H&E: haematoxylin-eosin staining; NA: not available; GEP-NEN: gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm; NEC: neuroendocrine carcinoma