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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2023 Sep 21;16(5):1430–1444. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.013

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Targeted FUS stimulation of thalamus VPL nucleus with MR-ARFI feedback and fMRI monitoring. (A) Coronal section of the macaque brain with Nissl stain (adopted from brainmaps.org) shows the location of VPL nucleus. (B) Schematic showing MRI compatible stereotaxic positioning system used for experiments to place the acoustic focus at the target. (C) Coronal (a), axial (b) and sagittal (c) views of nociceptive heat (47.5 °C) stimulus-evoked fMRI activation foci. Activation foci are displayed on NMT2.0 template (t > 2, p < 0.05, FDR corrected). (D) Display of MR-ARFI focuses targeted at thalamic nuclei on coronal, axial and sagittal planes. Color scale: tissue displacement in microns. (E) A 128 channel FUS array delivered 650 kHz pulsed US with fast PRF of 1 kHz with a 50% duty cycle for 500 ms, slow PRF of 0.5 Hz for 16s. Estimated in vivo pressure was 550 kPa (39% transmission estimate). (F) Interleaved heat and heat + FUS stimulation presentation paradigm. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)