Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis concerning the cross-sectional prevalence of panic disorder in patients with bipolar disorder
| Study | Location | Diagnostic group | Criteria for diagnosis | Procedure for diagnosis | n | % Male | Age | Prevalence, n (%) |
Comments |
| Bellani et al (2012) | University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 205 | 60 (29.3%) | 36.6±11.5 | 60 (29.3) | Rates of depressive episodes are similar in the two study groups. |
| MDD | 105 | 31 (29.5%) | 38.0±13.1 | 10 (9.8) | |||||
| Boylan et al (2004) | McMaster Regional Mood Disorders Program (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) |
BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 138 | 31.9% | ~41 | 37 (26.8) | Outpatient sample, including 70.3% BD-I and 29.7% rapid cycling. |
| Ciapparelli et al (2007) | Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Italy | Schiz | DSM-IV | SCID | 23 | 19 (82.6%) | 36.5±8.8 | 24 (24.5) | BD with psychotic features. |
| Schizoaff | 19 | 14 (73.7%) | 34.9±10.6 | ||||||
| BD | 56 | 46 (83.6%) | 35.8±12.1 | ||||||
| Coryell et al (2009) | Multisite (USA) | BD-I (mania) | DSM-IV | SCID | 92 | 63 | 36.5±13.3 | 1 (1.1) | |
| BD-I (depression) | 168 | 59 | 36.6±14.4 | 9 (5.4) | |||||
| BD-I (cycling) | 167 | 75 | 35.9±11.9 | 7 (4.2) | |||||
| Dilsaver and Chen (2003) | Harris County Psychiatric Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA | BD-I (mania) | DSM-III-R | SCID | 19 | 47.4% | 30.9±8.8 | 1 (4.0) | In the sample of patients with pure mania, >90% had psychotic features. In the sample with depressive mania, >90% had psychotic features. |
| BD-I (depressive mania) | 25 | 56.0% | 34.7±8.9 | 16 (84.2) | |||||
| Dilsaver et al (1997) | Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas, Houston, USA | Bipolar depression | DSM-III-R | SCID | 53 | 33 (62.3) | |||
| Pure mania | 32 | 1 (2.3) | |||||||
| Depressive mania | 44 | 20 (62.5) | |||||||
| Okan Ibiloglu and Caykoylu (2011) | Psychiatry Outpatient Clinics, Ataturk Training and Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey | BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID | 50 | 17 (34.0%) | 37.8±9.51 | 30 (60.0) | |
| BD-II | 46 | 12 (26.1%) | 22 (47.8) | ||||||
| Pini et al (2003) | Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Italy | BD-I | DSM-III-R | SCID | 151 | 43.7% | 35 (23.2) | ||
| Strakowski et al (1992) | Psychotic Disorders Program, McLean Hospital and the Consolidated Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School | BD-I (manic or mixed) | DSM-III-R | SCID | 41 | 39.0% | 29.5±12.7 (manic) | 2 (4.9) | Sample of inpatients with first episode of mania or mixed status. |
| 40.4±11.7 (mixed) | |||||||||
| Vieta et al (2001) | BDs Programme of the Hospital Clinic and University of Barcelona | BD-I | DSM-III-R | SCID | 129 | 14 (35%) | 39.7±10.96 (with psychiatric comorbidity) | 3 (2.3) | Sample of patients in remission, all with BD-I. |
| 39 (39%) | 41.51±15.21 (without) | ||||||||
| Cosoff and Hafner (1998) | Adelaide, Australia | BD | DSM-III-R | SCID | 20 | 60% | 34.8±10 (men) | 3 (15.0) | |
| Schiz | 60 | 34.9±9.6 (women) | 3 (5.0) | ||||||
| Schizoaff | 20 | ||||||||
| Dell’Osso et al (2011) | University Department of Psychiatry of Milan, Italy | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 508 | 224 (44.1%) | >40 | 32 (6.3) | 56.7% BD-I, 76.1% without any substance or alcohol abuse. |
| Mantere et al (2006) | Mood Disorders Research Unit, NPHI, Helsinki, Finland | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 191 (90: BD-I; 101: BD-II) | 47.1% | 37.7±12.2 | 46 (24.1) | Acute-phase BD, 47.1% BD-I, inpatients or outpatients. 32.5% with rapid cycling. 16.2% with psychotic symptoms. |
| MDD | 269 | 26.8% | NA | 45 (16.7) | |||||
| McElroy et al (2001) | Multisite (USA and the Netherlands) | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 288 | 44.0% | 42.8±11.3 | 27 (9.4) | STANLEY Foundation data. |
| Simon et al (2004) | Multisite (USA) | BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID | 360 | 40.6% | 41.7±12.8 | 33 (9.2) | First 500 patients of STEP-BD. |
| BD-II | 115 | 5 (4.4) | |||||||
| Otto et al (2006) | Multisite (USA) | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 918 | 41.0% | 40.6±12.7 | 78 (8.5) | First 1000 patients of STEP-BD. >75% BD-I, 50% in recovery, ~25% depressed. |
| Tamam and Ozpoyraz (2002) | Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey | BD-I | DSM-IV | SCID | 70 | 29 (41.6%) | 33.4±10.3 | 4 (5.7) | Included only patients with BD-I. |
| Zutshi et al (2006) | National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India | BD | DSM-IV | SCID | 80 | 57 (71.3%) | 30.06±7.77 | 4 (5.0) | Patients with BD in remission; the controls were relatives of neurological patients. |
| Controls | 50 | 38 (76.0%) | 31.44±7.85 | 0 (0) |
BD, bipolar disorder; DSM, Diagnostic Statistic Manual; MDD, major depressive disorder; Schiz, schizophrenia; NA, not available; Schizoaff, schizo-affective disorder; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; STEP-BD, Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD.